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BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture > Chapter 12 - Transport Across Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Transport Across Cell Membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the propagation of an electrical signal within a neuron?

A

Action potential

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2
Q

Transporters, in contrast to channels, work by _____.

A

specific binding to solutes

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3
Q

A sodium-potassium pumps maintains the extracellular concentration of sodium at levels that about 20-30 times ______ than inside the cell.

A

higher

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4
Q

When an ion channel opens, therefore, ions usually flow through it, moving rapidly down their _________.

A

electrochemical gradients

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5
Q

The categories are * ions * nonpolar molecules * large uncharged, polar molecules. * small uncharged, polar molecules; and small nonpolar molecules. Rank the order of above of which enters the lipid bilayer the fastest/easiest to not being able to do so.

A

Fastest to No being able to enter…. 1. Small nonpolar molecules; 2. Small uncharged polar molecules; 3. Larger uncharged polar molecules; 4. Ions

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6
Q

_______ channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential.

A

Voltage-gated Na+

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7
Q

What is the function of the transporter Na+-driven glucose pump (glucose-Na+ symport)?

A

active import of glucose

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8
Q

What is the energy source of the transporter Na+-driven glucose pump (glucose-Na+ symport)?

A

Na+ gradient

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9
Q

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

Small and hydrophobic

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10
Q

Which factors determine the force driving the passive transport of **CHARGED solutes** across the membrane?

A

Electrochemical gradient

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11
Q

What is the function of the K+ leak channel?

A

Maintenance of resting potential

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12
Q

The _______ pump use the movement of one solute, down its gradient to provide the energy. Which one was it? And the second solute?

A

coupled; sodium; glucose

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13
Q

The transfer of nutrients metabolites and inorganic ions across a membrane depends on ___________.

A

membrane transport protein

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14
Q

Cell membranes contain a variety of transport protein that function either as ______ or _____, each responsible for the transfer of a particular type of _____.

A

transporters; channels; solute

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15
Q

Name the gated ion channel @ 3

A

ligand-gated (intracellular ligand)

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16
Q

__________: A stimulus shift the membrane potential to a less negative value.

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

________ is the accumulation of electric charge across a membrane.

A

membrane potential

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18
Q

Vibrations cause linked ____ to move and ion channels to open.

A

stereocilia

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19
Q

Name the membrane transport proteins that move molecules that bind to a binding site and make a conformational change. This requires a solute + binding site.

A

transporter

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20
Q

What are two main types of membrane proteins?

A

Transporters and Channel Proteins

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21
Q

Name the pump on 2

A

Na+ driven symport

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport?

A

ATP-driven pump

Coupled pump

Light-driven pump

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23
Q

Passive transport allows molecules to move ____ their concentration gradients (____)

A

down; downhill

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24
Q

Transporter proteins are highly _______.

A

selective

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25
Q

The Na+ concentration gradient of across the membrane is _____ energy, like water behind a dam.

A

stored

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26
Q

The rapid shift of ions changes the ________ because they carry a charge.

A

membrane potential

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27
Q

The action potential is a wave of _______ that spreads rapidly along the neuronal plasma membrane. This wave is triggered by a local change in the membrane potential to a value that is _____ negative than the resting membrane potential. The action potential is propagated by the opening of ______ channels. During an action potential, the membrane potential changes from ____ to ______. The action potential travels along the neuron’s ____ to the nerve terminals. Neurons chiefly receive signals at their highly branched ____.

A

depolarization; less; voltage-gated; negative; positive; axon; dendrites

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28
Q

What type of energy does Bacteriorhodopsin need?

A

light

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29
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

A

Cl-

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30
Q

Which membrane transport protein sometimes use active transport?

A

Transporter

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31
Q

Lipid bilayers are permeable to large uncharged, polar molecules. True or false?

A

False. It’s impermeable.

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32
Q

Ca2+-pumps in the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum are important for _____________.

A

preventing Ca2+ from altering the activity of molecules in the cytosol.

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33
Q

In general, the ____ the molecules and the more ______, or nonpolar, it is, the more rapidly it will diffuse across the membrane?

A

smaller; hydrophobic

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34
Q

Lipid bilayers are permeable to ions. True or false?

A

False. It’s impermeable.

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35
Q

Symport means

A

both of them are moving the SAME direction

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36
Q

Ca2+ is an example of a(n) ______ pump.

A

ATP-driven

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37
Q

Cell membranes have proteins. True or False?

A

False?????????

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38
Q

Cell membrane exhibits _______ to transfer inorganic ions and small water-soluble molecules into and out of the cell.

A

selective permeability

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39
Q

Neurotransmitter binding opens _____ channels initiating membrane depolarization.

A

transmitter-gated ion channels

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40
Q

Lipid bilayers are permeable to small uncharged, polar molecules. True or false?

A

True

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41
Q

Name the membrane transport protein that allow molecules with the right size or charge can move through the protein. The protein is described as a bridge.

A

Channel proteins

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42
Q

How does an action potential spread along the cell membrane?

A

A change in membrane potential triggers the opening of nearby voltage-gated sodium channels in a one-way direction

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43
Q

What is the role of K+-gated ion channels in an action potential?

A

They provide the energy for the sodium-potassium pump to reestablish its resting potential.

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44
Q

Name an example of a voltage and ligand-gated ion channels.

A

neuron action potentials

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45
Q

The membrane potential is defined independently of the ____ of interest, whereas an electrochemical gradient refers to the particular _____.

A

solute; solutes

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46
Q

The cystolic side of the plasma membrane is usually at a ____ potential.

A

negative

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47
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin is an example of a ______ pump.

A

light driven

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48
Q

Which membrane protein can facilitate both active and passive transport of solutes

A

transporter

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49
Q

Transporters, in contrast to channels, work by ________________.

A

specific binding site

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50
Q

What are the two types of coupled pumps (transporters) that participate in coupled transport?

A

symport and antiport

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51
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters include ____ and _____.

A

GABA and glycine

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52
Q

Transferring glucose across the epithelial layer of the gut requires ______ and ______ transport.

A

active; passive

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53
Q

Cells use membranes to help maintain set ranges of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. Which of the following ions is the most abundant inside a typical mammalian cell?

A

K+

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54
Q

After the Na+ ions rush in…

  1. Voltage-gated K+ ions also _____;
  2. The exit of K+ ions returns the membrane potential to its ____ state;
  3. _____ pumps returns the ion gradients to normal.
A

open;

resting;

Na+-K+

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55
Q

For the passive transport of a _______, its electrochemical gradient determines its direction of movement.

A

charged solute

56
Q

What balances the the large amounts of anions such as HCO3-, PO4_3-, proteins, nucleic acids inside the cell?

A

The anion Cl- outside the cell.

57
Q

Name the pump on 3

A

H+ pump

58
Q

What are 2 extracellular fluids?

A

sodium, chloride

59
Q

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes are _______ to small non-polar molecules.

A

highly permeable

60
Q

Channel mediated and transporter mediated solutes are _____ transport.

A

passive

61
Q

Which type of transport requires energy?

A

active transport

62
Q

Name the ion on 7

A

K+

63
Q

Chemical signals = ?

A

neurotransmitters

64
Q

Lipid bilayers are impermeable to nonpolar molecules. True or false?

A

False

65
Q

Name the gated ion channel @ 4

A

mechanically-gated

66
Q

What are the 5 roles of the voltage-gated ion channels in the generation of an action potential?

A
  1. Resting-state
  2. Depolarization;
  3. The rising phase of the action potential;
  4. The falling phase of the action potential;
  5. Resting-state
67
Q

What is the function of the transporter Na+ pump (Na+-K+ ATPase)?

A

active export of Na+ and import of K+

68
Q

The membrane potential refers to the ____ gradient.

A

voltage

69
Q

Name the pump on 4

A

H+ -driven symport

70
Q

In a sodium-potassium pump, what ion is pumped out of the cell? in the cell?

A

Na+; K+

71
Q

Glucose (180 daltons) cross ___.

A

hardly

72
Q

Lipid bilayers are permeable to nonpolar molecules. True or false?

A

True

73
Q

An action potential is triggered by a ________ of a neuron’s membrane.

A

depolarization

74
Q

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes are _______ to most large soluble molecules and to all ___.

A

highly impermeable; ions

75
Q

Ca2+ pumps in the plasma membrane and ER are important for

A

preventing Ca2+ from altering the activity of molecules in the cytosol

76
Q

The movement of charged molecules is controlled by the ______.

A

electrochemical gradient

77
Q

What are 2 intracellular fluids?

A

potassium, phosphorus

78
Q

The hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer creates a _____ to the passage of most _____ molecules.

A

barrier; Hydrophilic

79
Q

Action potentials open ____ channels prompting release of _____ into the synapse.

A

Ca2+; neurotransmitters

80
Q

What are the two forces that drive an ion across the plasma membrane?

A

chemical concentration gradient + electrical component = electrochemical gradient

81
Q

Name the pump on 5

A

H+ pump

82
Q

What 2 forces are the electrochemical gradient composed of?

A

1- the concentration gradient; 2- the membrane potential (the voltage gradient)

83
Q

What are the three main types of gated ion channels?

A

voltage-gated

ligand-gated

mechanically-gated

84
Q

What is permeable to water, but not freely permeable to electrolytes?

A

Cell Membranes

85
Q

How much energy is required for passive transport?

A

None

86
Q

Which of the following is a difference between transporters and channels?

A

Transporters can facilitate both active or passive transport solutes; channels facilitate only passive transport.

87
Q

Name the pump on 6

A

H+ pump

88
Q

Potassium ion channel uses which membrane transport protein?

A

channel

89
Q

In a Ca2+ pump, the ATPases work in a/the ____ way as a the Na+ pump.

A

same

90
Q

Name the pump on 1.

A

Na+ pump

91
Q

The Na+ pump undergoes a series of conformational changes as it exchanges Na+ ions for K+. True or false?

A

True

92
Q

Electrical signals are converted to chemical signals and vice-versa at ___.

A

synapses

93
Q

If Na+ channels are opened in a cell that was previously at rest, how will the resting membrane potential be affected?

A

It becomes more positive.

94
Q

The categories are the following: long, nonpolar molecules; large uncharged, polar molecules; small uncharged; polar molecules. Which one penetrates the lipid bilayer the easiest and fastest?

A

small nonpolar molecules

95
Q

What is the energy source of the transporter Na+ pump (Na+-K+ ATPase)?

A

ATP hydrolysis

96
Q

Which membrane transport protein always use passive transport?

A

channel

97
Q

What is an example of an ATP-driven pump?

A

Na+-K+ pump

98
Q

Lipid bilayers are impermeable to large uncharged, polar molecules. True or false?

A

True

99
Q

Both Na+-K+ and Ca2+ pumps are ____ transport.

A

active

100
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

A

Sodium

101
Q

Charges need to balance inside and outside of the cell. True or false?

A

True

102
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters include ____ and _____.

A

acetylcholine and glutamate

103
Q

What balances the high Na+ outside the cell?

A

The high K+ inside the cell

104
Q

In most animal cells, the negative value of the resting membrane potential across the plasma membrane depend mainly on the ____ gradient and the operation of ______ leak channels.

A

K+; K+-selective

105
Q

Glycerol (92 daltons) diffuse the lipid bilayer ____ rapidly.

A

less

106
Q

The main components of the cell membranes are _______ and _____. _____ are also important.

A

lipids and protein; carbohydrates

107
Q

Lipid bilayers are impermeable to small uncharged, polar molecules. True or false?

A

False

108
Q

Ion channels in the inner ear is an example of what type of channel?

A

mechanically-gated ion channel

109
Q

What is the energy source of the transporter Na+-H+ exchanger?

A

Na+ gradient

110
Q

Name the gated ion channel @ 2

A

ligand-gated (extracellular ligand)

111
Q

An example of a coupled pump is ______.

A

glucose-Na+ symport

112
Q

The Ca2+ pump keeps the cystosolic Ca2+ concentration ____.

A

low

113
Q

What is responsible for moving glucose from the gut lumen into intestinal epithelial cells?

A

glucose-sodium symport

114
Q

Channels are the protein but involved only in passive transport.

True or false?

A

True

115
Q

Is a glucose transporter a passive or active transport?

A

Passive transport

116
Q

Active transport allows molecules to move ____ their concentration gradients (_____).

A

against; uphill

117
Q

Ion channels allow the passage of molecules via _______, but they are not open pores.

A

passive transport

118
Q

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

A

small and hydrophobic

119
Q

Cells use membranes to help maintain set ranges of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. Which of the following ions is the most abundant outside a typical mammalian cell?

A

Na+

120
Q

Lipid bilayers are impermeable to ions. True or false?

A

True

121
Q

What is the difference between the Ca2+ pump and a Na+-K+ pump?

A

Ca2+ pumps return to their original conformation without a requirement for binding and transporting a second ion.

122
Q

Uncharged polar molecules like water (18 dalton) and ethanol (46 daltons) are small enough to ___ diffuse across.

A

small

123
Q

Name the gated ion channel @ 1

A

voltage-gated

124
Q

K+ has a very small _______ gradient across the membrane even though its concentration is _____.

A

electrochemical; large

125
Q

What determines if a solute movement moves across the membrane via active or passive transport?

A

concentration gradient of a solute

126
Q

The most abundant lipid is a

A

phospholipid

127
Q

The diffusion of ___ ions propagates the action potential along the axon.

A

Na+

128
Q

In a Na+-K+ pump, how many sodium ion are pumped out? how many potassium ions are pumped in

A

3; 2

129
Q

Small nonpolar molecules such as O2 (molecular mass 32 daltons) and CO2 (44 daltons) _____ diffuse across the membrane.

A

rapidly

130
Q

Glucose-Na+ is what type of coupled pump?

A

symport

131
Q

For a cell to avoid being torn apart by electrical process, they need to make balance. True or false?

A

True

132
Q

What happens in the falling phase of the action potential?

A

Most Na+ channels become inactivated, many K+ channels have opened

133
Q

___________- membrane potential moves towards a positive value.

A

depolarization

134
Q

An example of a light driven pump is

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

135
Q

What is the function of the transporter Na+-H+ exchanger?

A

active export of H+ ions, pH regulation

136
Q

What happens in the rising phase of the action potential?

A

Depolarization opens most Na channels, while the K+ channels remain closed.

137
Q

What is the energy source of all transmembrane pumps (transport) that are not driven?

A

ATP Hydrolysis

BIOL 3510 - Cell Biology Lecture (17 decks)

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