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AVS 222 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

List the six major components of the female reproductive tract.

A 
vulva 
posterior vagina 
uterine horn 
ovaries 
cervix 
oviducts
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2
Q

Name the 3 parts of the oviduct. Put a star next to the site of fertilization?

A

Infundibulum
Isthmus
Ampulla *

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3
Q

What follicle would be represented during ovulation? What hormone is responsible for this event?

A

Graafian Follicle

LH

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4
Q

In general, the broad ligament suspends the reproductive tract. The portion of the broad ligament that supports the _____ is called the mesovarium. The portion that supports the oviduct is called _____, and the largest portion that supports the uterine horns called _____.

A

ovary
mesosalpnix
mesometrium

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5
Q

Starting with the site of sperm production, name in the correct order, all the tubules the sperm must pass through as they exit the body. (6 major tubules)

A

Seminiferous tubules - rete testes - efferect duct - epididymis - vas deferens - penal shaft - penis

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6
Q

Maturity and full motility of the sperm is acquired in the _____ epididymis.

A

tail

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7
Q

Name the vascular structure located in the spermatic cord that cools down the testes. How does this structure do this?

A

pampiniform plexus, has many veins and arteries that circulate the blood and cool it to 2-5 degrees celcius before reaching the testes.

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8
Q

Name three accessory sex glands and explain the generl function for each.

A

cowpers gland - adds gel fraction
prostate gland - cleans and lubricates
vesicular gland - adds fructose

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9
Q

Sexual differentiation occurs in three levels. One is genetic differentiation, and the other two levels are _____ and _____.

A

gonadal differentiation

brain differentiation

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10
Q

_____ from the fetal liver binds with estradiol making a large complex that cannot pass through the blood brain barrier and thus, the hypothalamic GnRH _____ center remains intact in the female. In males however, there is no need for this center of the hypothalamus. Therefore, for defeminization of the hypothalamus to regress this center is caused by _____ passing through the blood brain barrier and being converted into _____ by the enzyme _____.

A 
alpha-fetoprotein 
surge
testosterone 
estradiol
aromatase
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11
Q

Where is Anti-Mullerian Hormone synthesized and what does it do? Also, what cells does it aid in differentiating and what hormones do these cells produce for the development of the male reproductive tract?

A

Sertoli cells produce AMH and cause regression of the mullarian duct.
Leydig cells produce testosterone
SRY, TDF

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12
Q

Name the 3 segments of the epididymis and provide the major functions of the epididymis.

A 
Head 
Body 
Tail
Maturation of sperm
Mobility of sperm 
Concentration of sperm
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13
Q

What is the descend of the testes in order.

A

Growth of the body away from the testes
Growth of the gubernaculum
Regression of the gubernaculum

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14
Q

Steroid hormones are located

a. on the nucleus
b. outside the cell
c. on the golgi apparatus

A

a

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15
Q

Protein hormones are located

a. on the nucleus
b. on the plasma membrane
c. outside the cell

A

b

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16
Q

Where is Insulin-Like 3 Factor (Insl-3) produced? Suppose we inhibit the production of Insl-3 in a fetal pig. What could possibly happen and why?

A

Insulin-like 3 factor is produced in the testes and the fetal pancreas.
the fetal pig would become a cryptorchid

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17
Q

What hormone is involved with the development and the maintenance of the CL?
Where is this hormone synthesized?
Tell me the biochemical classification.
What kind of receptor does it bind to?
What would happen (physiologically) if you negated (counteracted) the production of this hormone?

A 
LH
Anterior pituitary 
glycoprotein 
plasma-membrane 
There would be regression and no maintenance of the CL
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18
Q

What hormone stimulates the development of follicles on the ovary? Where is it synthesized?

A

FSH

Anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Suppose we damaged the Leydig cells within the testis, what would happen?

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone, so there would be little to no testosterone production in males, thus affecting their sperm.

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20
Q

Name the precursor (starting molecule) which steroid hormones are made from.

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

The ovulatory follicle is surrounded by several layers of _____ cells. These cells are responsible for synthesizing the steroid hormone _____. After ovulation these cells undergo remodeling (reconstruction) and form the _____. This structure is responsible for production of another steroid hormone called _____.

A

granulosa
estradiol
CL
progesterone

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22
Q

Name the two muscles involved in temperature regulation of the testes.

A

Cremaster muscle

Tunica dartos

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23
Q

Name the factors that impact the development of hypothalamic GnRH neurons and ultimately age at puberty. (Explain)

A

Environment - If they are in a stress free environment they will reach puberty faster
Nutrition - If they are malnourished it will take them longer to reach puberty
Breed/ Genetics - Length of puberty varies with species, and genetics can affect how fast an animal will reach puberty.

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24
Q

In regards to puberty, what may happen if an animal is underfed and what is the possible physiological reasons behind it?

A

If an animal is malnourished, she will reach puberty at a slower rate, because she doesn’t have all the nutrients her body needs to get her to puberty. She wouldn’t be at the right body size or composition.

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25
Hormone produced by sertoli cells
Androgen binding hormone
26
Responsible for testosterone production
Leydig cells
27
Age when ovine puberty occurs
7 months
28
Age when bovine puberty occurs
11 months
29
Kidney that forms undifferentiated gonads
mesonephros
30
Location of the pampiniform plexus
spermatic cord
31
Prevents foreign materials from entering the uterus
cervix
32
Location of fertilization in the oviduct
ampulla
33
Hormone responsible for regressing the CL
Prostaglandin F2 alpha
34
Innermost layer (closest to the lumen) of the uterus and is secretory
endometrium
35
Which hormones are involved in luteolysis? a. PGF2alpha and oxytocin b. PGE2 and oxytocin c. LH and PGF2alpha d. P4 and PGF2alpha
a
36
The clear mucus produced deep within the crypts of the cervix of the cow and aids in sperm transport is: a. Influenced by estradiol and called "sialomucin" b. Influenced by progesterone and called "sulfamucin" c. Influenced by estradiol and called "sulfamucin" d. Influenced by progesterone and called "sialomucin"
a
37
Which hormone is NOT involved in ovulation? a. LH b. GnRH c. progesterone d. estrogen
b
38
The _____ site of the oocyte is species specific and binding of this glycoprotein initiates the acrosomal reaction, the main enzyme in the acrosome of the sperm that digests this layer is _____.
ZP3 | acrosin
39
The hormone _____ is responsible for ovulation. During ovulation _____ increases blood flow and causes edema, whereas _____ causes the release of lysosomal enzymes and causes contractions of ovarian smooth muscles. Meanwhile, progesterone causes an increase in _____ enzyme which causes the breakdown of the connective tissue on the follicular wall.
LH PGE PGF2alpha Collagenase
40
Describe what is happening when the zona block and vitelline block occur during fertilization. Which block is fast and which is slow? Why are these blocks important during fertilization?
Vitelline block is fast and releases cortical granules to attack the other sperm and kill them before polyspermy can happen Zona Block is slow and changes the overall biochemical makeup to also stop polyspermy
41
The glycoprotein _____, is secreted from the anterior pituitary and affects leydig cells. Leydig cells are responsible for _____ production. Meanwhile, _____ from the anterior pituitary targets (affects) _____ cells in the seminiferous tubules, which are responsible for activating the enzyme aromatase for estradiol. As you may know, Sertoli cells also secrete _____ which has a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and suppresses FSH secretion.
``` LH testosterone FSH sertoli inhibin ```
42
What are 3 ways sperm is lost during transportation for fertilization?
cervix sulfamucin immune responses
43
Why is sustained transport important?
This is the only way sperm is capable of fertilization, because it has to spend so long in the female reproductive tract and go through capacitation before it is able to fertilize.
44
What is vesiculation?
holes that develop at the points of fusion
45
After binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida, the _____ reaction occurs and will expose the equatorial segment of the sperm head, which will bind to the oocyte membrane of the sperm.
acrosomal
46
Name the four stages of spermiogenesis.
Golgi Cap Acrosomal Maturation
47
At what phase of spermiogenesis does the acrosomic vesicle flatten and proximal and distal centriols begin to form the flagellum (axoneme)?
Cap Phase
48
True of False | Hyperactive motility begins in the uterus.
false
49
True of False | During the recruitment stage of folliculogenesis,m LH is high, FSH is low, and no inhibin is present
false
50
True of False | Following ovulation, granulosa cells remodel into large luteal cells
true
51
True of False | The estrous cycle in cows is 17 days, whereas the estrous cycle in sheep spans 21 days
false
52
True of False The preovulatory surge of LH increases PGF2alpha, which releases lysosomal enzymes and increases progesterone to increase collagenase for ovulation
true
53
True of False Capacitation is an event that begins in the uterus and ends at the oviduct. The purpose of this event is to remove the decapacitation factors in order for fertilization to occur.
true
54
True of False | During the fall melatonin from the pineal gland is high and horses are cyclic, and ewes are non-cyclic.
false
55
True of False | During the follicular phase, the increase in estrogen must occur before the LH surge in order for ovulation to occur.
true
56
True of False The cell with the longest duration during spermatogenesis is the primary spermatocyte and the cell with the shortest duration is the secondary spermatocyte.
true
57
Name the two types of mucus produced by the cervix. Which one has high viscosity and which has low viscosity?
sulfamucin - high viscosity | sialomucin - low viscosity
58
Fusion of the male and female pronuclei is called _____. After fusion of male and female pronuclei, the developing embryo becomes a _____ and is single celled. Mitotic divisions increase the number of cells within the embryo and the embryo develops from 2 to 4 to 8-celled. Once there are too many cells to count, this embryo is celled _____. After this stage, fluid accumulates and there is the formation of the inner cell mass and this embryo is called _____.
syngamy zygote morula blastocyst
59
Binds to granulosa cells to activate aromatase
FSH
60
The release of spermatozoa from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
Spermiation
61
The period when a female is not cycling
anestrous
62
Hyperactive motility of sperm occurs here
oviduct
63
Is an enzyme within the acrosomic vesicle of the spermatozoa
acrosin
64
Classification of estrous when an animal cycles once per year and has an extended estrus cycle
monoestrus
65
Name the four extraembryonic membranes. Explain the main function of each. Which of the four extraembryonic membranes regresses during development.
Yolk sac - gives rise to the premordial germ cells (regression) chorion - gives rise to the fetal side of the placenta amnion - protective sac allantois - poop shoot (waste house)
66
Tight junctions form between the outer cells of the morula embryo closest to the zona pellucida. These cells will form the _____ in the blastocyst.
trophoblasts
67
The _____ junctions form between the cells that will become the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
gap
68
True or False | Maternal recognition of pregnancy must occur in a timely manner and before the time of luteolysis.
true
69
True or False | In the ewe, estradiol reroutes PGF2alpha secretion by the endometrium
false
70
True or False | In the mare, the embryo migrates within the uterus 8-10 time per day for maternal recognition of pregnancy.
false
71
In cattle the specific maternal recognition factor is called _____, and is a protein secreted from the trophoblast cells of the embryo. This protein is secreted around days during the _____ stage of the estrous cycle, and around _____ after fertilization. This protein stops the secretion and synthesis of the luteolytic hormone, _____, by blocking the synthesis of _____ receptors on the endometrium.
``` interferon-tau diestrus 15 PGF2alpha oxytocin ```
72
What are the two requirements for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?
Estrogen | 2 conceptus in each horn
73
Define an embryo
early stage cannot be recognized by species (small)
74
Define a fetus
later stages that develops into looking like the species (bigger)
75
Define endocrine secretion
secreted inside the body
76
Define exocrine secretion
secreted outside the body
77
Which type of placenta listed below results in the least number of tissue layers between the fetal and maternal systems? a. hemochorial b. endotheliochorial c. hemoendothelial d. epitheliochorial
c
78
Which type of placenta listed below can be seen in dogs and cats? a. hemochorial b. hemoendothelial c. epitheliochorial d. endotheliochorial
d
79
What are the 4 kinds of placenta based on chorionic villi distribution? Name a species for each.
Cotyledonary - Sheep Diffuse - Horse Discoid - Human Zonary - Dog
80
True of False | eCG and hCG can act as luteolytic hormones in human and mares.
false
81
Fetal cortisol increases the activity of three enzymes which convert progesterone into estradiol. These enzymes are _____, _____, and _____.
17alpha hydroxylase 17-20 lyase aromatase
82
Another term for difficult birth is _____. Provide 3 reasons why difficult births may occur.
dystocia nutrition of the mother prolonged labor fetus in the wrong position (breech)
83
Name the three stages of parturition.
myometrium contractions fetus expulsion placental expulsion

AVS 222 (14 decks)

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