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AVS 222 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

List the six major components of the female reproductive tract.

A 
vulva 
posterior vagina 
uterine horn 
ovaries 
cervix 
oviducts
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2
Q

Name the 3 parts of the oviduct. Put a star next to the site of fertilization?

A

Infundibulum
Isthmus
Ampulla *

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3
Q

What follicle would be represented during ovulation? What hormone is responsible for this event?

A

Graafian Follicle

LH

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4
Q

In general, the broad ligament suspends the reproductive tract. The portion of the broad ligament that supports the _____ is called the mesovarium. The portion that supports the oviduct is called _____, and the largest portion that supports the uterine horns called _____.

A

ovary
mesosalpnix
mesometrium

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5
Q

Starting with the site of sperm production, name in the correct order, all the tubules the sperm must pass through as they exit the body. (6 major tubules)

A

Seminiferous tubules - rete testes - efferect duct - epididymis - vas deferens - penal shaft - penis

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6
Q

Maturity and full motility of the sperm is acquired in the _____ epididymis.

A

tail

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7
Q

Name the vascular structure located in the spermatic cord that cools down the testes. How does this structure do this?

A

pampiniform plexus, has many veins and arteries that circulate the blood and cool it to 2-5 degrees celcius before reaching the testes.

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8
Q

Name three accessory sex glands and explain the generl function for each.

A

cowpers gland - adds gel fraction
prostate gland - cleans and lubricates
vesicular gland - adds fructose

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9
Q

Sexual differentiation occurs in three levels. One is genetic differentiation, and the other two levels are _____ and _____.

A

gonadal differentiation

brain differentiation

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10
Q

_____ from the fetal liver binds with estradiol making a large complex that cannot pass through the blood brain barrier and thus, the hypothalamic GnRH _____ center remains intact in the female. In males however, there is no need for this center of the hypothalamus. Therefore, for defeminization of the hypothalamus to regress this center is caused by _____ passing through the blood brain barrier and being converted into _____ by the enzyme _____.

A 
alpha-fetoprotein 
surge
testosterone 
estradiol
aromatase
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11
Q

Where is Anti-Mullerian Hormone synthesized and what does it do? Also, what cells does it aid in differentiating and what hormones do these cells produce for the development of the male reproductive tract?

A

Sertoli cells produce AMH and cause regression of the mullarian duct.
Leydig cells produce testosterone
SRY, TDF

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12
Q

Name the 3 segments of the epididymis and provide the major functions of the epididymis.

A 
Head 
Body 
Tail
Maturation of sperm
Mobility of sperm 
Concentration of sperm
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13
Q

What is the descend of the testes in order.

A

Growth of the body away from the testes
Growth of the gubernaculum
Regression of the gubernaculum

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14
Q

Steroid hormones are located

a. on the nucleus
b. outside the cell
c. on the golgi apparatus

A

a

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15
Q

Protein hormones are located

a. on the nucleus
b. on the plasma membrane
c. outside the cell

A

b

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16
Q

Where is Insulin-Like 3 Factor (Insl-3) produced? Suppose we inhibit the production of Insl-3 in a fetal pig. What could possibly happen and why?

A

Insulin-like 3 factor is produced in the testes and the fetal pancreas.
the fetal pig would become a cryptorchid

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17
Q

What hormone is involved with the development and the maintenance of the CL?
Where is this hormone synthesized?
Tell me the biochemical classification.
What kind of receptor does it bind to?
What would happen (physiologically) if you negated (counteracted) the production of this hormone?

A 
LH
Anterior pituitary 
glycoprotein 
plasma-membrane 
There would be regression and no maintenance of the CL
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18
Q

What hormone stimulates the development of follicles on the ovary? Where is it synthesized?

A

FSH

Anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Suppose we damaged the Leydig cells within the testis, what would happen?

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone, so there would be little to no testosterone production in males, thus affecting their sperm.

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20
Q

Name the precursor (starting molecule) which steroid hormones are made from.

A

Cholesterol

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21
Q

The ovulatory follicle is surrounded by several layers of _____ cells. These cells are responsible for synthesizing the steroid hormone _____. After ovulation these cells undergo remodeling (reconstruction) and form the _____. This structure is responsible for production of another steroid hormone called _____.

A

granulosa
estradiol
CL
progesterone

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22
Q

Name the two muscles involved in temperature regulation of the testes.

A

Cremaster muscle

Tunica dartos

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23
Q

Name the factors that impact the development of hypothalamic GnRH neurons and ultimately age at puberty. (Explain)

A

Environment - If they are in a stress free environment they will reach puberty faster
Nutrition - If they are malnourished it will take them longer to reach puberty
Breed/ Genetics - Length of puberty varies with species, and genetics can affect how fast an animal will reach puberty.

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24
Q

In regards to puberty, what may happen if an animal is underfed and what is the possible physiological reasons behind it?

A

If an animal is malnourished, she will reach puberty at a slower rate, because she doesn’t have all the nutrients her body needs to get her to puberty. She wouldn’t be at the right body size or composition.

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25
Q

Hormone produced by sertoli cells

A

Androgen binding hormone

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26
Q

Responsible for testosterone production

A

Leydig cells

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27
Q

Age when ovine puberty occurs

A

7 months

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28
Q

Age when bovine puberty occurs

A

11 months

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29
Q

Kidney that forms undifferentiated gonads

A

mesonephros

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30
Q

Location of the pampiniform plexus

A

spermatic cord

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31
Q

Prevents foreign materials from entering the uterus

A

cervix

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32
Q

Location of fertilization in the oviduct

A

ampulla

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33
Q

Hormone responsible for regressing the CL

A

Prostaglandin F2 alpha

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34
Q

Innermost layer (closest to the lumen) of the uterus and is secretory

A

endometrium

35
Q

Which hormones are involved in luteolysis?

a. PGF2alpha and oxytocin
b. PGE2 and oxytocin
c. LH and PGF2alpha
d. P4 and PGF2alpha

A

a

36
Q

The clear mucus produced deep within the crypts of the cervix of the cow and aids in sperm transport is:

a. Influenced by estradiol and called “sialomucin”
b. Influenced by progesterone and called “sulfamucin”
c. Influenced by estradiol and called “sulfamucin”
d. Influenced by progesterone and called “sialomucin”

A

a

37
Q

Which hormone is NOT involved in ovulation?

a. LH
b. GnRH
c. progesterone
d. estrogen

A

b

38
Q

The _____ site of the oocyte is species specific and binding of this glycoprotein initiates the acrosomal reaction, the main enzyme in the acrosome of the sperm that digests this layer is _____.

A

ZP3

acrosin

39
Q

The hormone _____ is responsible for ovulation. During ovulation _____ increases blood flow and causes edema, whereas _____ causes the release of lysosomal enzymes and causes contractions of ovarian smooth muscles. Meanwhile, progesterone causes an increase in _____ enzyme which causes the breakdown of the connective tissue on the follicular wall.

A

LH
PGE
PGF2alpha
Collagenase

40
Q

Describe what is happening when the zona block and vitelline block occur during fertilization. Which block is fast and which is slow? Why are these blocks important during fertilization?

A

Vitelline block is fast and releases cortical granules to attack the other sperm and kill them before polyspermy can happen
Zona Block is slow and changes the overall biochemical makeup to also stop polyspermy

41
Q

The glycoprotein _____, is secreted from the anterior pituitary and affects leydig cells. Leydig cells are responsible for _____ production. Meanwhile, _____ from the anterior pituitary targets (affects) _____ cells in the seminiferous tubules, which are responsible for activating the enzyme aromatase for estradiol. As you may know, Sertoli cells also secrete _____ which has a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and suppresses FSH secretion.

A 
LH
testosterone 
FSH 
sertoli 
inhibin
42
Q

What are 3 ways sperm is lost during transportation for fertilization?

A

cervix
sulfamucin
immune responses

43
Q

Why is sustained transport important?

A

This is the only way sperm is capable of fertilization, because it has to spend so long in the female reproductive tract and go through capacitation before it is able to fertilize.

44
Q

What is vesiculation?

A

holes that develop at the points of fusion

45
Q

After binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida, the _____ reaction occurs and will expose the equatorial segment of the sperm head, which will bind to the oocyte membrane of the sperm.

A

acrosomal

46
Q

Name the four stages of spermiogenesis.

A

Golgi
Cap
Acrosomal
Maturation

47
Q

At what phase of spermiogenesis does the acrosomic vesicle flatten and proximal and distal centriols begin to form the flagellum (axoneme)?

A

Cap Phase

48
Q

True of False

Hyperactive motility begins in the uterus.

A

false

49
Q

True of False

During the recruitment stage of folliculogenesis,m LH is high, FSH is low, and no inhibin is present

A

false

50
Q

True of False

Following ovulation, granulosa cells remodel into large luteal cells

A

true

51
Q

True of False

The estrous cycle in cows is 17 days, whereas the estrous cycle in sheep spans 21 days

A

false

52
Q

True of False
The preovulatory surge of LH increases PGF2alpha, which releases lysosomal enzymes and increases progesterone to increase collagenase for ovulation

A

true

53
Q

True of False
Capacitation is an event that begins in the uterus and ends at the oviduct. The purpose of this event is to remove the decapacitation factors in order for fertilization to occur.

A

true

54
Q

True of False

During the fall melatonin from the pineal gland is high and horses are cyclic, and ewes are non-cyclic.

A

false

55
Q

True of False

During the follicular phase, the increase in estrogen must occur before the LH surge in order for ovulation to occur.

A

true

56
Q

True of False
The cell with the longest duration during spermatogenesis is the primary spermatocyte and the cell with the shortest duration is the secondary spermatocyte.

A

true

57
Q

Name the two types of mucus produced by the cervix. Which one has high viscosity and which has low viscosity?

A

sulfamucin - high viscosity

sialomucin - low viscosity

58
Q

Fusion of the male and female pronuclei is called _____. After fusion of male and female pronuclei, the developing embryo becomes a _____ and is single celled. Mitotic divisions increase the number of cells within the embryo and the embryo develops from 2 to 4 to 8-celled. Once there are too many cells to count, this embryo is celled _____. After this stage, fluid accumulates and there is the formation of the inner cell mass and this embryo is called _____.

A

syngamy
zygote
morula
blastocyst

59
Q

Binds to granulosa cells to activate aromatase

A

FSH

60
Q

The release of spermatozoa from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

A

Spermiation

61
Q

The period when a female is not cycling

A

anestrous

62
Q

Hyperactive motility of sperm occurs here

A

oviduct

63
Q

Is an enzyme within the acrosomic vesicle of the spermatozoa

A

acrosin

64
Q

Classification of estrous when an animal cycles once per year and has an extended estrus cycle

A

monoestrus

65
Q

Name the four extraembryonic membranes. Explain the main function of each. Which of the four extraembryonic membranes regresses during development.

A

Yolk sac - gives rise to the premordial germ cells (regression)
chorion - gives rise to the fetal side of the placenta
amnion - protective sac
allantois - poop shoot (waste house)

66
Q

Tight junctions form between the outer cells of the morula embryo closest to the zona pellucida. These cells will form the _____ in the blastocyst.

A

trophoblasts

67
Q

The _____ junctions form between the cells that will become the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

A

gap

68
Q

True or False

Maternal recognition of pregnancy must occur in a timely manner and before the time of luteolysis.

A

true

69
Q

True or False

In the ewe, estradiol reroutes PGF2alpha secretion by the endometrium

A

false

70
Q

True or False

In the mare, the embryo migrates within the uterus 8-10 time per day for maternal recognition of pregnancy.

A

false

71
Q

In cattle the specific maternal recognition factor is called _____, and is a protein secreted from the trophoblast cells of the embryo. This protein is secreted around days during the _____ stage of the estrous cycle, and around _____ after fertilization. This protein stops the secretion and synthesis of the luteolytic hormone, _____, by blocking the synthesis of _____ receptors on the endometrium.

A 
interferon-tau
diestrus 
15
PGF2alpha 
oxytocin
72
Q

What are the two requirements for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?

A

Estrogen

2 conceptus in each horn

73
Q

Define an embryo

A

early stage cannot be recognized by species (small)

74
Q

Define a fetus

A

later stages that develops into looking like the species (bigger)

75
Q

Define endocrine secretion

A

secreted inside the body

76
Q

Define exocrine secretion

A

secreted outside the body

77
Q

Which type of placenta listed below results in the least number of tissue layers between the fetal and maternal systems?

a. hemochorial
b. endotheliochorial
c. hemoendothelial
d. epitheliochorial

A

c

78
Q

Which type of placenta listed below can be seen in dogs and cats?

a. hemochorial
b. hemoendothelial
c. epitheliochorial
d. endotheliochorial

A

d

79
Q

What are the 4 kinds of placenta based on chorionic villi distribution? Name a species for each.

A

Cotyledonary - Sheep
Diffuse - Horse
Discoid - Human
Zonary - Dog

80
Q

True of False

eCG and hCG can act as luteolytic hormones in human and mares.

A

false

81
Q

Fetal cortisol increases the activity of three enzymes which convert progesterone into estradiol. These enzymes are _____, _____, and _____.

A

17alpha hydroxylase
17-20 lyase
aromatase

82
Q

Another term for difficult birth is _____. Provide 3 reasons why difficult births may occur.

A

dystocia
nutrition of the mother
prolonged labor
fetus in the wrong position (breech)

83
Q

Name the three stages of parturition.

A

myometrium contractions
fetus expulsion
placental expulsion

AVS 222 (14 decks)

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