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final exam review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers that are released in one part of the body, travel through the blood, then affect other parts of the body

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of ?

A

glands that release hormones into the blood.

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3
Q

what do hormones do in the endocrine system?

A

deliver messages throughout the body

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4
Q

what are target cells

A

cells that have a receptor for particular hormone

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5
Q

where do the exocrine glands release their secretions

A

through tub like structures called ducts either out the body or into digestive system

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6
Q

where do the endocrine glands release their secretions

A

directly into the blood

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7
Q

what does the hypothalamus gland do

A

make hormones that control the pituitary gland and hormones stored in it

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8
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

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9
Q

parathyroid glands

A

release parathyroid hormones that regulate the level of calcium

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10
Q

thymus

A

releases thymosin to develop the immune system

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11
Q

adrenal glands

A

release hormones that help body respond to stress

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12
Q

pineal gland

A

releases melatonin

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13
Q

thyroid

A

produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism

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14
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon to regulate level of glucose

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15
Q

ovaries

A

produces estrogens and progesterone.

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16
Q

what is estrogen needed for

A

required for development of female secondary sex characteristics and development of eggs

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17
Q

what is progesterone needed for

A

prepared uterus for a fertilized egg

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18
Q

testes

A

produce testosterone which is responsible for sperm and production of male secondary sex characteristics

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19
Q

what are prostalglandins

A

modified fatty acids produced by a wide range of cells

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20
Q

what cells ad tissues do prostalglandins affect

A

only nearby cells and tissues

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21
Q

describe the process of a steroid hormone

A
  1. enters cell by passing directly across cell membrane
  2. hormone binds to a receptor and forms a hormone-receptor complex
  3. hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus of cell and binds to region of DNA
  4. binding activates transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA moves into cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis
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22
Q

describe the process of a nonsteroid hormone

A
  1. binds to a receptor ON the cell membrane
  2. binding activates enzymes on inner surface of cell membrane
  3. enzymes release secondary messengers to relay the hormones message
  4. secondary messengers activates a wide range of cell activities
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23
Q

what is puberty

A

period of rapid growth sexual maturation during which reproductive system becomes fully functional

24
Q

what are the changes in females during puberty

A

develop breast, hip widening

25
Q

what are the changes in males during puberty

A

facial hair, muscular development, deep voice

26
Q

what happens in males when the reproductive system is fully functional

A

male can produce and release active sperm

27
Q

what is the primary male reproductive organ

A

testes

28
Q

what is the external sac that holds the testes

A

scrotum

29
Q

what temperature must the testes in the scrotum

A

37 degrees Celsius

30
Q

why must the temperature be lower than the body temp.

A

so that sperm can properly develop

31
Q

where does sperm develop

A

seminiferous tubules

32
Q

where does the sperm move after it is developed to be matured and stored

A

epididymus

33
Q

where does the sperm move after leaving the epididymus

A

vas deferens

34
Q

what is semen

A

combination of sperm and seminal fluid

35
Q

what is seminal fluid and what does it do

A

nutrient rich fluid that nourishes the sperm and protects it from the acidity of the female reproductive tract

36
Q

what is primary reproductive organ for female

A

ovaries

37
Q

what is the main function of the female reproductive system

A

produce eggs

38
Q

how many mature mature eggs does a female ovaries release in her lifetime

A

400

39
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

process of egg formation and release

40
Q

what occurs during the menstrual cycle

A

egg develops in a follicle and released from an ovary. the uterus is also prepared to receive a fertilized egg

41
Q

what is ovulation

A

release of an egg from ovary into a fallopian tube

42
Q

what phase begins after ovulation

A

corpus luteum

43
Q

what is menstruation

A

tissue, blood, and unfertilized egg is released through the vagina

44
Q

when will the menstrual cycle stop

A

if the female is pregnant

45
Q

give one type of bacterial STD

A

Chlamydia

46
Q

give examples of a viral STD

A

hepatitis B, genital warts, genital herpes, AIDS

47
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilized egg

48
Q

what happens when a single zygote splits apart and produces two genetically identical embryos

A

identical twins are formed

49
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

when the embryo grows and a cavity forms at the center

50
Q

what is implantation

A

when the blastocyst attaches to the wall if the uterus and begins to grow into the tissues of the mother

51
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of three layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

52
Q

neurulation

A

first step in development of nervous system

53
Q

what is the placenta

A

connection between the mother and the embryo

54
Q

what is the fetus

A

the embryo after 8 weeks of development

55
Q

what happens during months 4-6 after fertilization

A

heartbeat can be heard
the early skeleton is formed
layer of soft hair grows over skin
feel the baby moving

56
Q

what happens during month 7-9 of development

A

lungs and organs start preparation for outside life

fetus can regulate body temperature

Biology (13 decks)

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