final exam review

Question 1

what are hormones

Answer 1

chemical messengers that are released in one part of the body, travel through the blood, then affect other parts of the body

Question 2

what is the endocrine system made up of ?

Answer 2

glands that release hormones into the blood.

Question 3

what do hormones do in the endocrine system?

Answer 3

deliver messages throughout the body

Question 4

what are target cells

Answer 4

cells that have a receptor for particular hormone

Question 5

where do the exocrine glands release their secretions

Answer 5

through tub like structures called ducts either out the body or into digestive system

Question 6

where do the endocrine glands release their secretions

Answer 6

directly into the blood

Question 7

what does the hypothalamus gland do

Answer 7

make hormones that control the pituitary gland and hormones stored in it

Question 8

pituitary gland

Answer 8

produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands

Question 9

parathyroid glands

Answer 9

release parathyroid hormones that regulate the level of calcium

Question 10

thymus

Answer 10

releases thymosin to develop the immune system

Question 11

adrenal glands

Answer 11

release hormones that help body respond to stress

Question 12

pineal gland

Answer 12

releases melatonin

Question 13

thyroid

Answer 13

produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism

Question 14

pancreas

Answer 14

produces insulin and glucagon to regulate level of glucose

Question 15

ovaries

Answer 15

produces estrogens and progesterone.

Question 16

what is estrogen needed for

Answer 16

required for development of female secondary sex characteristics and development of eggs

Question 17

what is progesterone needed for

Answer 17

prepared uterus for a fertilized egg

Question 18

testes

Answer 18

produce testosterone which is responsible for sperm and production of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 19

what are prostalglandins

Answer 19

modified fatty acids produced by a wide range of cells

Question 20

what cells ad tissues do prostalglandins affect

Answer 20

only nearby cells and tissues

Question 21

describe the process of a steroid hormone

Answer 21

1. enters cell by passing directly across cell membrane
2. hormone binds to a receptor and forms a hormone-receptor complex
3. hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus of cell and binds to region of DNA
4. binding activates transcription of gene to mRNA
5. mRNA moves into cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis

Question 22

describe the process of a nonsteroid hormone

Answer 22

1. binds to a receptor ON the cell membrane
2. binding activates enzymes on inner surface of cell membrane
3. enzymes release secondary messengers to relay the hormones message
4. secondary messengers activates a wide range of cell activities

Question 23

what is puberty

Answer 23

period of rapid growth sexual maturation during which reproductive system becomes fully functional

Question 24

what are the changes in females during puberty

Answer 24

develop breast, hip widening

Question 25

what are the changes in males during puberty

Answer 25

facial hair, muscular development, deep voice

Question 26

what happens in males when the reproductive system is fully functional

Answer 26

male can produce and release active sperm

Question 27

what is the primary male reproductive organ

Answer 27

testes

Question 28

what is the external sac that holds the testes

Answer 28

scrotum

Question 29

what temperature must the testes in the scrotum

Answer 29

37 degrees Celsius

Question 30

why must the temperature be lower than the body temp.

Answer 30

so that sperm can properly develop

Question 31

where does sperm develop

Answer 31

seminiferous tubules

Question 32

where does the sperm move after it is developed to be matured and stored

Answer 32

epididymus

Question 33

where does the sperm move after leaving the epididymus

Answer 33

vas deferens

Question 34

what is semen

Answer 34

combination of sperm and seminal fluid

Question 35

what is seminal fluid and what does it do

Answer 35

nutrient rich fluid that nourishes the sperm and protects it from the acidity of the female reproductive tract

Question 36

what is primary reproductive organ for female

Answer 36

ovaries

Question 37

what is the main function of the female reproductive system

Answer 37

produce eggs

Question 38

how many mature mature eggs does a female ovaries release in her lifetime

Answer 38

400

Question 39

what is the menstrual cycle

Answer 39

process of egg formation and release

Question 40

what occurs during the menstrual cycle

Answer 40

egg develops in a follicle and released from an ovary. the uterus is also prepared to receive a fertilized egg

Question 41

what is ovulation

Answer 41

release of an egg from ovary into a fallopian tube

Question 42

what phase begins after ovulation

Answer 42

corpus luteum

Question 43

what is menstruation

Answer 43

tissue, blood, and unfertilized egg is released through the vagina

Question 44

when will the menstrual cycle stop

Answer 44

if the female is pregnant

Question 45

give one type of bacterial STD

Answer 45

Chlamydia

Question 46

give examples of a viral STD

Answer 46

hepatitis B, genital warts, genital herpes, AIDS

Question 47

what is a zygote

Answer 47

fertilized egg

Question 48

what happens when a single zygote splits apart and produces two genetically identical embryos

Answer 48

identical twins are formed

Question 49

what is a blastocyst

Answer 49

when the embryo grows and a cavity forms at the center

Question 50

what is implantation

Answer 50

when the blastocyst attaches to the wall if the uterus and begins to grow into the tissues of the mother

Question 51

gastrulation

Answer 51

formation of three layers called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 52

neurulation

Answer 52

first step in development of nervous system

Question 53

what is the placenta

Answer 53

connection between the mother and the embryo

Question 54

what is the fetus

Answer 54

the embryo after 8 weeks of development

Question 55

what happens during months 4-6 after fertilization

Answer 55

heartbeat can be heard the early skeleton is formed layer of soft hair grows over skin feel the baby moving

Question 56

what happens during month 7-9 of development

Answer 56

lungs and organs start preparation for outside life | fetus can regulate body temperature