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Biology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of organization

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Cell
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Organism
  7. Population
  8. Community
  9. Ecosystem
  10. Biosphere
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2
Q

Atom

A

Basic unit of matter

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3
Q

Molecule

A

Atoms bonded together

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4
Q

Cell

A

Contains a variety of molecules

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5
Q

Tissue

A

Functional grouping of cells

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6
Q

Organ

A

Functional grouping of tissues

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7
Q

Organism

A

Basic living system made up of at least one cell

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8
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species

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9
Q

Community

A

Populations of all species in the same area

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

Communities interacting with the physical environment

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

Regions (land, water, or air) of the Earth that sustain life

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

Exposed to the experimental variable

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13
Q

Control group

A

Not exposed to the experimental variable

Control groups must be used to determine if the experimental variable makes a difference

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14
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged

Found in the nucleus

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15
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutrally charged

Found in the nucleus

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16
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged

Found in the orbital shells

Shell 1 - 2 electrons
Shell 2 and up - 8 electrons

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17
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons an atom has

Can also be used to determine how many elections an atoms has

Ex. Atomic # = 92 then 92 electrons

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18
Q

Atomic mass

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

Number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

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19
Q

Properties of water molecules that make them important to life

A
  1. Provides support
  2. Water expands when frozen
  3. High specific heat
  4. High heat of vaporization
  5. Cohesion and surface tension
  6. Good solvent
  7. Plays a role in certain chemical processes
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20
Q

pH range

A

Acidic solution 1-6
Basic solution 8-14
Neural solution 7

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21
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Formed due to electrical attractions between atoms that gained or lost valence electrons

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22
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Formed when atoms share valence electrons

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23
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

The sharing of electrons are equal

They are all hydrophobic, meaning they will not dissolve in water

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24
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

The sharing of electrons are unequal

They are all hydrophilic, meaning they will dissolve in water

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25
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Formed between a hydrogen and a negatively charged atom

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26
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy to cells

Structural support

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27
Q

Lipids

A

As energy storage
In forming membranes
As hormones
Phospholipids

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28
Q

Proteins

A

Perform many important functions

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29
Q

Nucleus acids

A

DNA stores the hereditary info

RNA plays various roles in protein production as well as gene regulation

30
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Plasma membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Nucleoid
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Most have capsule
  7. Most have flagellum
  8. Most have pili
31
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Nucleus
  5. Organelles
32
Q

Organelles found in plant cells only

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

33
Q

Organelles seen in animal cells only

A

Lysosomes, centrioles

34
Q

Organelles seen in both cells

A

Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,

35
Q

Lysosome

A

Garbage man of the cell, clean up, break down

36
Q

Ribosome

A

Proteins are made

37
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes the parts of the ribosome rRNA

38
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipids are made + detoxification

39
Q

Microtubule

A

Anchors organelles, cell division (spindle fibers), flagella + cilia, provides tracks for transport

40
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Plasma membrane is made of phospholipids (fluid) and proteins (mosaic) embedded.

41
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Through membrane, through phospholipids

42
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Goes through a carrier/ channel protein

43
Q

Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient, requires energy

44
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk transport coming into the cell

45
Q

Exocytosis

A

Bulk transport coming out of the cell

46
Q

What is the primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst?

A

Speeds up the rate of reaction

47
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

Lowers activation energy -> amount of energy needed

48
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where the substrate goes into the enzyme

49
Q

What is the induced fit?

A

When the substrate is in active site, closes around it and changes shape, reaction happens

50
Q

Is the optimal activity of an enzyme a wide range or a narrow range?

A

Wide range for temp

51
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6+O2-> CO2 + H2O

And reverse

52
Q

What are the final products of the Karen’s cycle?

A

CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

53
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP

54
Q

Light reaction

A

ATP + NADPH

55
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Sugar

56
Q

Interphase

A

Cell growth + DNA replication

57
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes (sister chromatids) condense, form spindle fibers, nuclear envelope breaks down

58
Q

Prometaphase

A

Spindle divers attach to kinetachores

59
Q

Metaphase

A

Line up in middle

60
Q

Anaphase

A

Pull apart sisters

61
Q

Telophase

A

Reform nucleus, 2 nuclei + chromosomes relax

62
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Breaks into two separate daughter cells

63
Q

Crossing over

A

Only in prophase 1 of meiosis

64
Q

Telophase 1

A

2 daughter cells

65
Q

Telophase 2

A

4 daughter cells

66
Q

The parts of a DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thym….

67
Q

The base pairing rules of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: AT and GC
RNA: AU and GC

68
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA structures

A

DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single stranded

69
Q

Which molecule is being produced during transcription and translation?

A

DNA➡️transcription➡️mRNA➡️translation➡️ protein/polypeptide

70
Q

How does replication and translation happen?

A 
Split DNA in parent daughter half semi conservative
Where? Translation occurs in ribosome
DNA➡️mRNA 
(transcription)
mRNA➡️protein
(Translation)
tRNA brings in amino acid

Biology (10 decks)

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