Final Exam Review

Question 1

Levels of organization

Answer 1

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cell
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organism
7. Population
8. Community
9. Ecosystem
10. Biosphere

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

Basic unit of matter

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

Atoms bonded together

Question 4

Cell

Answer 4

Contains a variety of molecules

Question 5

Tissue

Answer 5

Functional grouping of cells

Question 6

Organ

Answer 6

Functional grouping of tissues

Question 7

Organism

Answer 7

Basic living system made up of at least one cell

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

Group of individuals of the same species

Question 9

Community

Answer 9

Populations of all species in the same area

Question 10

Ecosystem

Answer 10

Communities interacting with the physical environment

Question 11

Biosphere

Answer 11

Regions (land, water, or air) of the Earth that sustain life

Question 12

Experimental group

Answer 12

Exposed to the experimental variable

Question 13

Control group

Answer 13

Not exposed to the experimental variable

Control groups must be used to determine if the experimental variable makes a difference

Question 14

Protons

Answer 14

Positively charged

Found in the nucleus

Question 15

Neutrons

Answer 15

Neutrally charged

Found in the nucleus

Question 16

Electrons

Answer 16

Negatively charged

Found in the orbital shells

Shell 1 - 2 electrons
Shell 2 and up - 8 electrons

Question 17

Atomic number

Answer 17

The number of protons an atom has

Can also be used to determine how many elections an atoms has

Ex. Atomic # = 92 then 92 electrons

Question 18

Atomic mass

Answer 18

The total number of protons and neutrons

Number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

Question 19

Properties of water molecules that make them important to life

Answer 19

1. Provides support
2. Water expands when frozen
3. High specific heat
4. High heat of vaporization
5. Cohesion and surface tension
6. Good solvent
7. Plays a role in certain chemical processes

Question 20

pH range

Answer 20

Acidic solution 1-6
Basic solution 8-14
Neural solution 7

Question 21

Ionic bonds

Answer 21

Formed due to electrical attractions between atoms that gained or lost valence electrons

Question 22

Covalent bonds

Answer 22

Formed when atoms share valence electrons

Question 23

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 23

The sharing of electrons are equal

They are all hydrophobic, meaning they will not dissolve in water

Question 24

Polar covalent bond

Answer 24

The sharing of electrons are unequal

They are all hydrophilic, meaning they will dissolve in water

Question 25

Hydrogen bond

Answer 25

Formed between a hydrogen and a negatively charged atom

Question 26

Carbohydrates

Answer 26

Energy to cells | Structural support

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

As energy storage In forming membranes As hormones Phospholipids

Question 28

Proteins

Answer 28

Perform many important functions

Question 29

Nucleus acids

Answer 29

DNA stores the hereditary info | RNA plays various roles in protein production as well as gene regulation

Question 30

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 30

1. Cell wall 2. Plasma membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Nucleoid 5. Ribosomes 6. Most have capsule 7. Most have flagellum 8. Most have pili

Question 31

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 31

1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Ribosomes 4. Nucleus 5. Organelles

Question 32

Organelles found in plant cells only

Answer 32

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole

Question 33

Organelles seen in animal cells only

Answer 33

Lysosomes, centrioles

Question 34

Organelles seen in both cells

Answer 34

Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,

Question 35

Lysosome

Answer 35

Garbage man of the cell, clean up, break down

Question 36

Ribosome

Answer 36

Proteins are made

Question 37

Nucleolus

Answer 37

Makes the parts of the ribosome rRNA

Question 38

Smooth ER

Answer 38

Lipids are made + detoxification

Question 39

Microtubule

Answer 39

Anchors organelles, cell division (spindle fibers), flagella + cilia, provides tracks for transport

Question 40

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 40

Plasma membrane is made of phospholipids (fluid) and proteins (mosaic) embedded.

Question 41

Simple diffusion

Answer 41

Through membrane, through phospholipids

Question 42

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 42

Goes through a carrier/ channel protein

Question 43

Active transport

Answer 43

Against concentration gradient, requires energy

Question 44

Endocytosis

Answer 44

Bulk transport coming into the cell

Question 45

Exocytosis

Answer 45

Bulk transport coming out of the cell

Question 46

What is the primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst?

Answer 46

Speeds up the rate of reaction

Question 47

How does an enzyme work?

Answer 47

Lowers activation energy -> amount of energy needed

Question 48

What is the active site?

Answer 48

Where the substrate goes into the enzyme

Question 49

What is the induced fit?

Answer 49

When the substrate is in active site, closes around it and changes shape, reaction happens

Question 50

Is the optimal activity of an enzyme a wide range or a narrow range?

Answer 50

Wide range for temp

Question 51

What is the equation for cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Answer 51

C6H12O6+O2-> CO2 + H2O | And reverse

Question 52

What are the final products of the Karen's cycle?

Answer 52

CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

Question 53

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 53

ATP

Question 54

Light reaction

Answer 54

ATP + NADPH

Question 55

Calvin cycle

Answer 55

Sugar

Question 56

Interphase

Answer 56

Cell growth + DNA replication

Question 57

Prophase

Answer 57

Chromosomes (sister chromatids) condense, form spindle fibers, nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 58

Prometaphase

Answer 58

Spindle divers attach to kinetachores

Question 59

Metaphase

Answer 59

Line up in middle

Question 60

Anaphase

Answer 60

Pull apart sisters

Question 61

Telophase

Answer 61

Reform nucleus, 2 nuclei + chromosomes relax

Question 62

Cytokinesis

Answer 62

Breaks into two separate daughter cells

Question 63

Crossing over

Answer 63

Only in prophase 1 of meiosis

Question 64

Telophase 1

Answer 64

2 daughter cells

Question 65

Telophase 2

Answer 65

4 daughter cells

Question 66

The parts of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 66

Deoxyribose, phosphate, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thym....

Question 67

The base pairing rules of DNA and RNA

Answer 67

DNA: AT and GC RNA: AU and GC

Question 68

Difference between DNA and RNA structures

Answer 68

DNA: double stranded helix RNA: single stranded

Question 69

Which molecule is being produced during transcription and translation?

Answer 69

DNA➡️transcription➡️mRNA➡️translation➡️ protein/polypeptide

Question 70

How does replication and translation happen?

Answer 70

``` Split DNA in parent daughter half semi conservative Where? Translation occurs in ribosome DNA➡️mRNA (transcription) mRNA➡️protein (Translation) tRNA brings in amino acid ```