Chapter 10 - Mitosis

Question 1

Cytogenetic

Answer 1

The field of genetics involving microscopic examination of chromosomes and cell division

Question 2

Purpose of cytogenic

Answer 2

To better understand the structure and behavior of the DNA during cell divisions

Question 3

Diploid

Answer 3

Two sets of chromosomes

Question 4

Somatic cells

Answer 4

All are diploid

Any cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction

Question 5

Haploid

Answer 5

Only one set of chromosomes
All sex cells are haploids
Sex cells are the sperm and egg cells

Question 6

Three phases of interphase

Answer 6

1. G1
2. S
3. G2

Question 7

G1

Answer 7

Cell grows
Sometimes a cell enters G0 instead of the next phase
A cell in G0 will not divide

Question 8

S

Answer 8

DNA replicates and produces sister chromatids

Question 9

G2

Answer 9

Cell grows and gets prepared for the next phase

Question 10

Sister chromatids

Answer 10

Two identical copies that stay joined to each other.

Tightly joined at the “waist” called the centromere.

Question 11

Centromere

Answer 11

Serves as an attachment site for the kinetochore used in sorting chromosomes.

Question 12

Mitosis

Answer 12

Purpose is to separate sister chromatids so that each daughter cell gets an equal number of chromosomes.
If the parent cell has 20 chromosomes, each daughter cell has 20 chromosomes.

Question 13

Prophase

Answer 13

Spindle fibers form

Chromatin becomes condensed

Question 14

2. Prometaphase

Answer 14

Spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids.

Two kinetochores on each pair of sister chromatids are attached to kinetechore microtubules from opposite poles.

Question 15

3. Metaphase

Answer 15

Spindle fibers attached to the kinetechores at the centromeres move the sister chromatids to the middle of the cell.
Sister chromatids are lined up at the imaginary line called the metaphase plate.

Question 16

4. Anaphase

Answer 16

Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling sister chromatids apart toward the pole to which they are attached.

Question 17

5. Telophase

Answer 17

Nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of chromosomes.

Question 18

Cytokinesis

Answer 18

Two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells.
Animal cells- a cleavage furrow constructs like a drawstring to separate the cells.
Plant cells- a cell plate forms a wall between the two daughter cells

Question 19

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks)

Answer 19

Cyclins are proteins that bind to the enzymatic cdks.
Purpose of cyclins and cdks is to let the cell know it is ready to move on to the next phase.
During G1, G1 cyclins bind to G1 cdks when the cell is ready to go through DNA replication.
During S, S cyclins bind to S cdks when DNA replication is completed and the cell is ready to go on to G2. Each phase of cell cycle has their own cyclins and cdks.

Question 20

Cancer

Answer 20

Uncontrolled cell division.
If the tumor does not spread to surrounding tissue, then the tumor is a benign tumor (non-cancerous).
If the tumor invades the surrounding tissue, then the tumor is a malignant tumor (cancerous).
If cancer cells break free from the tumor and become mobile, then the cancer has metastasized.

Question 21

Prokaryotic cell division

Answer 21

Called binary fission, or splitting into two parts.