Final Exam - old material

Question 1

What is under epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

Connective tissue

Question 2

Is epithelial tissue vascular? Innervated?

Answer 2

Avascular but innervated

Question 3

What is the polarity of epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

It has distinct apical and basal surfaces

Question 4

What are the cell junctions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Question 5

What are the four properties of muscle tissue?

Answer 5

Excitability (nerve signal excited muscle)
Contractility (muscle contracts)
Extensibility (muscle can go back to resting length after contraction)
Elasticity (after being stretched, muscle resumes resting length)

Question 6

What composes neural tissue?

Answer 6

Neurons and glia

Question 7

What are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

Answer 7

Connects tissues and organs
Forms skeleton
Carries and stores nutrients
Supports blood vessels and nerves

Question 8

What are the four classes of connective tissues?

Answer 8

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Question 9

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

Answer 9

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum?

Answer 10

Many layers thick
Dead keratinocytes
Glycolipids for waterproofing

Question 11

What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 11

Translucent band
only in thick skin

Question 12

What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

Answer 12

1-5 layers flattened keratinocytes

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

Answer 13

Several layers of cells
Spiny looking cells
Dendritic cells

Question 14

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

Answer 14

1 layer
High mitotic activity
Mostly keratinocytes but some melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells
Desmosomes hold cells together

Question 15

What are the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep?

Answer 15

Papillary
Reticular
(hypodermis - not technically a part of integument)

Question 16

What kind of CT is in the papillary layer?

Answer 16

Loose areolar

Question 17

What kind of CT is in the reticular layer?

Answer 17

Dense irregular

Question 18

What is the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 18

Skin

Question 19

What does the mucous membrane cover?

Answer 19

Lines organs and cavities that open to the outside of the body

Question 20

Where are mucous membranes found?

Answer 20

Respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 21

What do serous membranes cover?

Answer 21

Line closed cavities and their organs

Question 22

Where can you find serous membranes?

Answer 22

Surrounding lungs (pleura)
Surrounding heart (pericardium)
Surrounding internal organs (peritoneum)

Question 23

What is an osteoblast?

Answer 23

Cells that form bone tissue

Question 24

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 24

Cells that destroy bone tissue

Question 25

What is an osteocyte?

Answer 25

Bone cell

Question 26

What is an osteon?

Answer 26

Make up bone Long and cylindrical Run parallel to long axis of the bone

Question 27

What are the concentric circles in an osteon celled?

Answer 27

Lamellae

Question 28

What form between adjacent lamellae?

Answer 28

Lacune

Question 29

What lives in lacune?

Answer 29

Osteocytes

Question 30

What is in the central canal of an osteon?

Answer 30

Blood vessels, nerves

Question 31

What are the characteristics of a fibrous joint?

Answer 31

No joint cavity Dense regular CT connects bones

Question 32

What are the characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 32

No joint cavity Cartilage connects bones

Question 33

What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?

Answer 33

Has a joint cavity Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones Ends of bones covered with articular cartilage (hyaline)

Question 34

What does the skeletal muscle do?

Answer 34

Moves skeleton under voluntary control

Question 35

Is skeletal muscle multinucleated? Striated?

Answer 35

Yes and yes

Question 36

Where is cardiac muscle found?

Answer 36

In heart wall

Question 37

How many nuclei does cardiac muscle have? Is it striated?

Answer 37

One nucleus per cell Yes, it is striated

Question 38

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 38

In the walls of hollow organs

Question 39

How many nuclei does smooth muscle have? Is it striated?

Answer 39

One nucleus per cell No striations

Question 40

What are the layers of the alimentary canal from lumen to outer layer?

Answer 40

Lumen Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa *esophagus lined with adventitia

Question 41

What are organized into portal triads in the liver?

Answer 41

Blood vessels and ducts

Question 42

What transports bile out of the lobule?

Answer 42

Bile duct

Question 43

What transports nutrient rich blood into the lobule?

Answer 43

Portal venule

Question 44

What transports oxygen rich blood into the lobule?

Answer 44

Portal arteriole

Question 45

What do the portal triads release blood into?

Answer 45

sinusoids

Question 46

What happens to the blood in liver sinusoids?

Answer 46

Arterial and venous blood mix

Question 47

Where does blood go after it is in sinusoids?

Answer 47

Into central vein to drain out of liver

Question 48

What do alveoli do for the lungs?

Answer 48

Increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange

Question 49

What type of cells are type I alveolar cells?

Answer 49

Flat cells, simple squamous, part of respiratory membrane

Question 50

What type of cells are type II alveolar cells?

Answer 50

Cuboidal cells, not part of respiratory membrane

Question 51

What is contained in the respiratory membrane?

Answer 51

Alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia

Question 52

What is internal respiration?

Answer 52

Gas exchange between red blood cells and the body tissues outside the lungs

Question 53

What is external respiration?

Answer 53

Gas exchange between air and red blood cells of the lungs

Question 54

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

Answer 54

Fibrous pericardium

Question 55

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

Answer 55

Serous pericardium

Question 56

What is the heart wall made of?

Answer 56

Epicardium (serous layer of pericardium) Myocardium (muscle) Endocardium (heart)

Question 57

What is the order of the systemic circuit (brings O to cells)?

Answer 57

LV → aorta → cells of body → veins → RA

Question 58

What is the order of the pulmonary circuit (route between heart and lungs)?

Answer 58

RV → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA

Question 59

What is diastole?

Answer 59

relaxation

Question 60

What is systole?

Answer 60

contraction

Question 61

What are the layers of blood vessel walls?

Answer 61

Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa

Question 62

What is the tunica intima made of?

Answer 62

Simple squamous epithelium and loose areolar CT

Question 63

What is the tunica media made of?

Answer 63

Smooth muscle

Question 64

What is the tunica externa made of?

Answer 64

Loose areolar CT

Question 65

What is an interneuron?

Answer 65

In between sensory and motor neurons

Question 66

Where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?

Answer 66

Dorsal side

Question 67

Where do motor neurons exit the spinal cord?

Answer 67

Ventral side

Question 68

What is a multipolar neuron?

Answer 68

Many dendrites, single axon (motor and interneurons)

Question 69

What is a bipolar neuron?

Answer 69

Single dendrite, single axon (special sensory neurons)

Question 70

What is a unipolar neuron?

Answer 70

Single axon connected via short process to cell body (sensory neurons)