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Anatomy > Final Exam - old material > Flashcards

Final Exam - old material Flashcards

1
Q

What is under epithelial tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular? Innervated?

A

Avascular but innervated

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3
Q

What is the polarity of epithelial tissue?

A

It has distinct apical and basal surfaces

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4
Q

What are the cell junctions of epithelial tissue?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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5
Q

What are the four properties of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability (nerve signal excited muscle)
Contractility (muscle contracts)
Extensibility (muscle can go back to resting length after contraction)
Elasticity (after being stretched, muscle resumes resting length)

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6
Q

What composes neural tissue?

A

Neurons and glia

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

A

Connects tissues and organs
Forms skeleton
Carries and stores nutrients
Supports blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

What are the four classes of connective tissues?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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9
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum?

A

Many layers thick
Dead keratinocytes
Glycolipids for waterproofing

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum?

A

Translucent band
only in thick skin

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

A

1-5 layers flattened keratinocytes

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A

Several layers of cells
Spiny looking cells
Dendritic cells

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale?

A

1 layer
High mitotic activity
Mostly keratinocytes but some melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells
Desmosomes hold cells together

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15
Q

What are the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep?

A

Papillary
Reticular
(hypodermis - not technically a part of integument)

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16
Q

What kind of CT is in the papillary layer?

A

Loose areolar

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17
Q

What kind of CT is in the reticular layer?

A

Dense irregular

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18
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

Skin

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19
Q

What does the mucous membrane cover?

A

Lines organs and cavities that open to the outside of the body

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20
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

Respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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21
Q

What do serous membranes cover?

A

Line closed cavities and their organs

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22
Q

Where can you find serous membranes?

A

Surrounding lungs (pleura)
Surrounding heart (pericardium)
Surrounding internal organs (peritoneum)

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23
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Cells that form bone tissue

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24
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Cells that destroy bone tissue

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25
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Bone cell

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26
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Make up bone
Long and cylindrical
Run parallel to long axis of the bone

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27
Q

What are the concentric circles in an osteon celled?

A

Lamellae

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28
Q

What form between adjacent lamellae?

A

Lacune

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29
Q

What lives in lacune?

A

Osteocytes

30
Q

What is in the central canal of an osteon?

A

Blood vessels, nerves

31
Q

What are the characteristics of a fibrous joint?

A

No joint cavity
Dense regular CT connects bones

32
Q

What are the characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?

A

No joint cavity
Cartilage connects bones

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

Has a joint cavity
Ligaments and articular capsule connect bones
Ends of bones covered with articular cartilage (hyaline)

34
Q

What does the skeletal muscle do?

A

Moves skeleton under voluntary control

35
Q

Is skeletal muscle multinucleated? Striated?

A

Yes and yes

36
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In heart wall

37
Q

How many nuclei does cardiac muscle have? Is it striated?

A

One nucleus per cell
Yes, it is striated

38
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of hollow organs

39
Q

How many nuclei does smooth muscle have? Is it striated?

A

One nucleus per cell
No striations

40
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal from lumen to outer layer?

A

Lumen
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
*esophagus lined with adventitia

41
Q

What are organized into portal triads in the liver?

A

Blood vessels and ducts

42
Q

What transports bile out of the lobule?

A

Bile duct

43
Q

What transports nutrient rich blood into the lobule?

A

Portal venule

44
Q

What transports oxygen rich blood into the lobule?

A

Portal arteriole

45
Q

What do the portal triads release blood into?

A

sinusoids

46
Q

What happens to the blood in liver sinusoids?

A

Arterial and venous blood mix

47
Q

Where does blood go after it is in sinusoids?

A

Into central vein to drain out of liver

48
Q

What do alveoli do for the lungs?

A

Increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange

49
Q

What type of cells are type I alveolar cells?

A

Flat cells, simple squamous, part of respiratory membrane

50
Q

What type of cells are type II alveolar cells?

A

Cuboidal cells, not part of respiratory membrane

51
Q

What is contained in the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar epithelium + capillary epithelium + fused basement membranes of both epithelia

52
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between red blood cells and the body tissues outside the lungs

53
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gas exchange between air and red blood cells of the lungs

54
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

55
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium

56
Q

What is the heart wall made of?

A

Epicardium (serous layer of pericardium)
Myocardium (muscle)
Endocardium
(heart)

57
Q

What is the order of the systemic circuit (brings O to cells)?

A

LV → aorta → cells of body → veins → RA

58
Q

What is the order of the pulmonary circuit (route between heart and lungs)?

A

RV → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → LA

59
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation

60
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction

61
Q

What are the layers of blood vessel walls?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa

62
Q

What is the tunica intima made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium and loose areolar CT

63
Q

What is the tunica media made of?

A

Smooth muscle

64
Q

What is the tunica externa made of?

A

Loose areolar CT

65
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

In between sensory and motor neurons

66
Q

Where do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal side

67
Q

Where do motor neurons exit the spinal cord?

A

Ventral side

68
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

Many dendrites, single axon (motor and interneurons)

69
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

Single dendrite, single axon (special sensory neurons)

70
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Single axon connected via short process to cell body (sensory neurons)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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