Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(287 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the hierarchy of structural organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the tissue level

A

group of cells that work together for a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the organ level

A

a discrete structure made of more than one tissue functioning together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the organ system level

A

group of organs functioning together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. separates intracellular components (cytoplasm) from extracellular components
  2. regulates what can enter/exit the cell
  3. provides a protective barrier for the cell
  4. involved in intercellular communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 things that make up the structure of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol. glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the two layers of the phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophobic tails (no water)
hydrophilic heads (water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where is the cytoplasm

A

between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the cytoplasm made of

A

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the purpose of the rough ER

A

the ribosomes attached to the RER make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

does the smooth ER have ribosomes

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

receives material from RER in membrane-bound vesicles, then sorts, processes, and packages proteins and membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

ATP is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes, breakdown of products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the three different parts of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe microtubules

A

hollow tubes of tubulin protein, largest diameter, responsible for the shape of the cell and organelle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe intermediate filaments

A

protein fibers wound like a rope, medium size, resists pulling forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe microfilaments

A

smallest in diameter, made of protein actin, involved in cell movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are cytoplasmic inclusions

A

inclusions: temporary structures
contents vary depending on cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

produces ribosomal RNA, site of ribosome subunit assembly, subunits leave nucleus through nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do cells connect to eachother

A

cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are tight junctions

A

junction on apical cell regions that prevents substances from moving between adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are desmosomes

A

junctions that bind adjacent cells together
linker proteins zip together
tissue acts as one sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are gap junctions
allow ions and small molecules to move from cell to cell through small channels, involved in intercellular communication
26
what is arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
desmosomes typically connect cardiac muscle cells but the mutation affects the linker proteins on desmosomes. presents in right ventricle and the muscle tissue in right ventricle becomes very think which results in right ventricular failure
27
what are the special characteristics of epithelial tissue
polarity, cellularity, cell junctions, connective tissue support, avascular, innervated, highly regenerative
28
what is a tissue
group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function
29
what are the four tissue types
nervous, connective, epithelial, muscle
30
which side of the epithelial tissue will face the lumen. which side will face away from the lumen
apical surface will face toward lumen basal surface will face away from the lumen
31
does epithelial tissue have blood. does it have nerves
no it is avascular yes it is innervated
32
how does epithelial tissue have a highly regenerative capacity
uses blood supply from the underlying connective tissue
33
what is the basal lamina
noncellular sheet made of proteins
34
what are the functions of the basal lamina
selective filter scaffolding for new, migrating epithelial cells
35
what is the basement membrane made of
basal lamina and reticular fibers
36
what does the basement membrane do
separates the epithelial tissue from the connective tissue
37
describe microvilli
folds of plasma membrane increase surface area to increase absorption or secretion dont move smaller than cilia
38
describe cilia
whip like, highly mobile extensions of plasma membrane moves fluid/substances in one direction
39
what is celiac disease
genetic autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys the villi and microvilli of the small intestine in response to gluten
40
in naming epithelial tissue, how do you describe 1 layer? 2 layers?
1 layer: simple 2 layers: stratified
41
in naming epithelial tissue, how do you describe 1 layer? 2 layers?
1 layer: simple 2 layers: stratified
42
what are the different names given to the shapes of epithelial cells
squamous: flat cuboidal: cube-shaped columnar: taller than wide *stratified epithelium is named for the cell shape on the apical surface
43
describe simple squamous epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
single layer, flattened cells diffusion in lungs filtration in kidneys secretion in serous membranes
44
describe simple cuboidal epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
single layer, cube shaped cells absorption in kidneys secretion in some glands
45
describe simple columnar epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
single layer, tall cells may have cilia or microvilli absorption in GI tract movement in lungs or uterine tubes secretion of mucus
46
describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
single later, varying heights all cells sit on basement membrane (one layer) secretion and movement in respiratory tract usually ciliated
47
describe stratified epithelia
two or more layers basal layer: germinating layer apical layer: oldest cells often associated with protection
48
describe stratified squamous epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
multiple layers apical layer flat may be keratinized protection of epidermis of skin, oral cavity, esophagus
49
describe stratified cuboidal epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
two layers, cube shaped protection and secretion of salivary glands
50
describe stratified columnar epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
several layers, apical layer tall not common protection in male urethra secretion in ducts of some glands
51
describe transitional epithelium (functions, shape, layers)
multiple layers, change shape when stretched unique to urinary system lines urinary bladder to allow distention
52
what are the different types of epithelium
membranous epithelium and glandular epithelium
53
what is membranous epithelium
majority of body coverings and linings
54
what is glandular epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that produces glandular secretions
55
what are the two types of glands
endocrine and exocrine
56
what are all glands lined by
epithelium
57
what are the characteristics of endocrine glands
lack ducts because they release hormones directly into the bloodstream (hormones pass into surrounding tissues and blood vessels)
58
what are the characteristics of exocrine glands
secrete via ducts into body cavities or onto a body surface
59
what are the two different types of exocrine glands
unicellular glands and multicellular glands
60
what are the characteristics of unicellular glands
shaped like a goblet produce mucus found in respiratory and digestive tracts
61
what are the types of multicellular glands
structure names: simple (unbranched) or compound (branched) shape of secretory units names: tubular (tube shaped) or alveolar (spherical)
62
what are the different kinds of connective tissue
loose connective tissue, bone, cartilage, blood
63
what are the functions of connective tissue
connects other tissues and organs together, forms skeleton, carries and stores nutrients, supports blood vessels and nerves
64
what is the extracellular matrix composed of
ground substance and protein fibers
65
is the extracellular matrix considered a living part of connective tissue
no, it is is non living part of CT
66
what is ground substance
substance in the extracellular matrix that varies with the tissue jelly-like: CT proper and cartilage fluid: blood mineralized: bone
67
what do protein fibers do for the extracellular matrix
provide strength and flexibility
68
what are the types of protein fibers in the extracellular matrix
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
69
what are the characteristics of collagen fibers
strongest most abundant ex: found in tendons
70
what are the characteristics of elastic fibers
ability to stretch and recoil
71
what are the characteristics of reticular fibers
short support network surround things in the body
72
what embryonic tissue does all connective tissue originate from
mesenchyme
73
what does the suffix "blast" mean
producing the EC matrix
74
what does the suffix "cyte" mean
maintaining the EC matrix
75
what does the suffix "clast" mean
breaking down the EC matrix
76
what does the prefix "fibro" mean
cell type in CT proper
77
what does the prefix "chondro" mean
cell type in cartilage
78
what does the prefix "osteo" mean
cell type in bone
79
what does the prefix "adipo" mean
cell type in adipose (fat)
80
what are other cell types in CT tissues besides the main four
defense cells (macrophages and other WBC)
81
do blood cells produce the liquid part of blood? if not what do they do
no they do not produce the liquid part of blood they carry gases and are involved in defense and clotting
82
where does plasma (the liquid in blood) come from
the GI tract
83
where are blood cells produced
in red bone marrow
84
what are the classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
85
what are the types of connective tissue proper
loose CT dense CT
86
what are the types of cartilage
hyaline fibrocartilage elastic
87
what are the types of bone
compact spongy
88
what are the types of loose connective tissue
areolar adipose reticular
89
what are the types of dense connective tissue
regular irregular elastic
90
which connective tissue is the most widespread
areolar (loose CT -> CT proper)
91
what are the functions of areolar CT
ground substance holds fluid serves as packing material around organs involved in immunity and inflammation
92
what is the fluid that is found in areolar CT called
interstitial fluid (fluid surrounds cells in a tissue)
93
where is areolar tissue found
underneath most epithelia surrounding nerves and blood vessels
94
what is adipose tissue made from
many adipocytes filled with lipids
95
why is adipose tissue well vascularized
the body needs access to fat for energy and it accessing fat by the blood supply
96
what are the functions of adipose tissue
protection of organs energy source
97
where is adipose tissue located
hypodermis visceral fat around highly active organs (ex: kidney, heart)
98
what are the two types of adipose tissue
white adipose brown adipose
99
what is the difference between white adipose and brown adipose
white adipose: most fat, stores lipids as nutrients brown adipose: produces heat and is a nutrient consumer
100
where is brow adipose located
between shoulder blades, anterior of neck, anterior abdominal wall
101
do babies have more white or brown adipose
brown
102
what kind of fibers does reticular CT contain
reticular fibers
103
what is the function of reticular CT and how is it achieved
forms a soft internal skeleton by creating a 3D network filled with cells
104
where is reticular CT located
lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes)
105
what is the major characteristic of dense regular CT
collagen fibers run parallel to each other
106
what is the major function of dense regular CT
provides strength in one direction
107
where is dense regular CT located
tendons and ligaments (slow to heal because limited blood supply)
108
what is the main characteristic of dense irregular CT
collagen fibers run in many different directions (not parallel)
109
what is the main function of dense irregular CT
able to resist strong tensions from different directions
110
where is dense irregular CT found
dermis joint capsules overlying capsules of kidney and spleen
111
what type of fibers are in dense elastic CT
elastic fibers
112
what is the function of dense elastic CT
withstand stretch and capable of recoil
113
where is dense elastic CT found
elastic arteries (ex: aorta)
114
what are the characteristics of cartilage and where is it found
firm flexible tissue found in parts of the skeleton
115
what is the matrix of cartilage mostly made of and why
water because it allows for compression and rebound
116
what is bone made of
calcium salts (mineralized) and collagen fibers cells (cytes, blasts, clasts)
117
why is blood considered connective tissue
it developed from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix (plasma)
118
what are leukocytes
white blood cells immune response
119
what are erythrocytes
red blood cells carry oxygen
120
what are thrombocytes
plasma clotting
121
what does fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva mean
fibers are replaced by bone tissue
122
what becomes difficult with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
movement
123
what are membranes made of
epithelial and underlying CT proper
124
what are the three types of membranes
cutaneous (skin) mucous serous
125
what is the cutaneous membrane
skin
126
what tissue types is the cutaneous membrane made of
epidermis (stratified squamous) and dermis (dense irregular CT)
127
what does the mucous membrane cover
lines organs and cavities that open to the outside of the body
128
what is the lamina propria
epithelial sheet that covers underlying loose areolar tissue
129
what does the epithelial sheet produce in the mucus membrane
mucus
130
where are mucous membranes found
respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
131
what do serous membranes cover
line closed cavities and their organs
132
what kind of tissue are serous membranes made from
simple squamous overlying loose areolar
133
what does the epithelium of a serous membrane produce and why
slippery serous fluid that reduces friction
134
what are some examples of where you can find serous membranes
surrounding the lungs surrounding the heart
135
what are the different components of the serous membrane
visceral serous membrane parietal serous membrane serous fluid
136
where is the visceral serous membrane found
closest to the organ
137
where is the parietal serous membrane found
farthest from the organ
138
where is serous fluid found
between the visceral and parietal serous membranes
139
what are different types of serous membranes
pericardium pleura peritoneum
140
where is the pericardium found
heart
141
where is the pleura found
lungs
142
where is the peritoneum found
abdominal/pelvic cavity
143
what is the pericardial cavity filled with and why
pericardial fluid to reduce friction with contractions
144
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium -slippery fluid is not there so it creates friction with each contraction
145
what fills the pleura cavity and why
pleural fluid to reduce friction with breathing
146
what is pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
147
what is a pneumothorax
air of blood fills the pleural cavity can cause a lung to collapse or pull away from the thoracic wall -lungs do not stay inflated
148
what fills the peritoneum
peritoneal fluid
149
what does the visceral peritoneum cover
organs
150
what does the parietal peritoneum line
abdominopelvic wall and diaphragm
151
what is peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
152
what does the integument cover
the surface of the entire body
153
is the hypodermis a part of the integument
no
154
what are the functions of the integument
protection (prevents bumps/scrapes, keeps out microorganisms, prevents dehydration, protects against UV radiation) regulates body temp excretion of wastes through sweat synthesizes vitamin D sensory reception
155
what are the different kinds of epidermal cells
keratinocytes melanocytes tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells) dendritic cells
156
what is the most abundant type of epidermal cell
keratinocyte
157
what do keratinocytes produce
keratin
158
what do melanocytes produce
melanin
159
where are melanocytes located
stratum basale
160
what is melanin consumed by
nearby keratinocytes
161
what are tactile epithelial cells (merkel cells)
sensory touch receptors that are associated with a nerve ending
162
where are tactile epithelial cells found
stratum basale
163
what are dendritic cells
part of the immune system
164
where are dendritic cells primarily found
stratum spinosum
165
what are the epidermal layers from superficial to deep
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
166
what are characteristics of the stratum corneum
many layers thick dead keratinocytes full of keratin glycolipids between the cells add waterproofing
167
what are the characteristics of stratum lucidum
only in thick skin (palms, soles) appear as translucent band
168
what are the characteristics of stratum granulosum
1-5 layers flattened keratinocytes contain keratohyalin granules (protection) and lamellar granules (waterproofing)
169
what are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum
several layers of cells spiny looking cells caused by tissue preparation some dendritic cells
170
what are characteristics of stratum basale
deepest, 1 layer high mitotic activity mostly keratinocytes but has some melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells desmosomes hold cells together
171
what are keratohyaline granules
form keratin (tough protein) for protection
172
what are lamellated granules
produce a waterproofing glycolipid which is moved outside the cell
173
what are the characteristics of thick skin
all 5 epithelial strata found in areas subject to pressure or friction does not have hair
174
where is thick skin found
palms of hands, soles of feet, fingertips
175
what are characteristics of thin skin
more flexible and thinner layers (no stratum lucidum) covers rest of body has hair
176
what causes a callus
the stratum corneum is thicker
177
what causes corns
stratum corneum is thicker over a bony prominence
178
what causes a blister
small fluid pocket between the dermis and epidermis
179
what are the layers of the dermis
papillary layer reticular layer
180
what kind of tissue is the papillary layer made of
loose areolar CT
181
what is the purpose of the papillae on the papillary layer
increase surface area to facilitate diffusion of nutrients to the epidermis
182
what part of the papillary layer strengthens the dermal-epidermal connection to reduce blister formation
papillae
183
what is the purpose of the ridges visible on palms, soles, and ends of digits
increase friction for gripping sweat pores produce fingerprints
184
what kind of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made of
dense irregular CT
185
what kind of fibers are found in the reticular layer of the dermis for strength
collagen fibers
186
what are cleavage lines
offer strength to the dermis in the direction of the collagen fibers by being oriented in different directions on different parts of the body
187
what are striae
stretch marks: the pulling of cleavage lines apart so you can see in between them
188
does the hypodermis have blood vessels
yes
189
what are other names for the hypodermis
superficial fascia subcutaneous layer
190
what kind of tissue is the hypodermis made of
areolar and adipose CT
191
what is the purpose of the hypodermis
connects skin to underlying structures offers protection from bumps
192
describe each degree of burn
first degree: only epidermis damaged second degree: epidermis and upper part of dermis (often has blisters) third degree: both epidermis and all of dermis is damaged fourth degree: epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues are damaged
193
what are the three different types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma
194
describe basal cell carcinoma
abnormal cells of stratum basale grow into dermis and hypodermis most common metastasis unlikely
195
describe squamous cell carcinoma
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum grows quickly, can metastisize
196
describe melanoma
arises from melanocytes have ability to migrate to other parts of the body quick to metastisize
197
what are nails made of
hard keratin
198
what is the nail plate
part of nail you can see
199
what is the nail root
the part of the nail hidden right under the skin (proximal nail fold)
200
what is the nail bed and why is it pink
the part that the nail sits on pink because of the blood supply in dermis
201
what is the nail matrix
the site of growth (behind the nail root)
202
what is the eponychium
the cuticle
203
what are the functions of hair
sense light touch protect head from direct sunlight and heat loss eyelashes protect eyes nose hairs filter air
204
what are the two different types of hair
vellus (fine body hair) terminal (course hair)
205
what is hair made of
dead keratinized cells
206
what are the three regions of hair
root (below skin) shaft (above skin) hair follicle (extends from epidermis into dermis and surrounds hair root)
207
what are the layers of hair
cuticle (outermost layer, site of split ends) cortex (several layers of flattened cells) medulla (large cells and air spaces, centermost)
208
what are the components of the hair follicle
dermal: connective tissue root sheath glassy membrane: basement membrane epidermal: external epithelial root sheath and internal epithelial root sheath
209
what is the root hair plexus and when is it stimulated
a knot of sensory nerve endings that wraps around each hair bulb stimulated when the hair shaft is bent
210
what is the dermal papilla
has very rich capillary supply provides nutrients to the newly dividing cells of the hair matrix
211
where are new hair cells formed
hair matrix
212
how does hair grow
in cycles that have a growth stage and a resting stage
213
what determines hair color
melanocytes on dermal papilla produce pigment granules that are added to hair different colors are due to varying amounts and types of melanin
214
what is alopecia
hair loss
215
what is androgenic alopecia
male pattern baldness
216
what are the arrector pili muscles
smooth muscle attached to the hair follicle occurs in response to cold or fear
217
what is piloerection
when hair stands up evolutionarily used to make small animals (cats) look larger
218
what are the two types of glands found in the skin
sebaceous glands and sweat glands
219
what are sebaceous glands and where are they found
produce sebum that is emptied into hair follicle found everywhere except palms and soles
220
what is sebum
oily substance that softens hair has antibacterial properties production is stimulated by androgens (hormones)
221
what is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
eccrine: produce sweat that empties into body via pore apocrine: empties into hair follicles via a long duct
222
where are apocrine glands found
axillary, genital, anal regions
223
which type of sweat glands are most numerous
eccrine (aka sudoriferous)
224
what are the components of the skeletal system
bones and cartilage also nerves, blood vessels, epithelial tissue
225
what are the three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
226
what is hyaline cartilage made of and what is its function
made of mostly collagen fibers is a firm matrix that resists compression
227
which cartilage type is most abundant
hyaline
228
where is hyaline cartilage found
nose, articular cartilage of a joint, costal (ribs), thyroid, cricoid, trachea
229
where is elastic cartilage found
external ear, epiglottis
230
what is elastic cartilage's function and what is it made of
mostly elastic fibers, some collagen it is able to withstand repeated bending
231
where is fibrocartilage found
intervertebral discs, public symphysis, meniscus
232
what is fibrocartilage made of and what is its function
higher concentration of collagen fibers, no elastic fibers resists tension and absorbs compressive forces
233
what is cauliflower ear
perichondrium separates from the deeper elastic cartilage resulting in a hematoma and swelling
234
what are the functions of the skeleton
support, movement, protection, mineral reservoir, hemopoiesis (produces new blood cells), energy storage (fat stored in yellow bone marrow), endocrine (osteoblasts secrete hormones to regulate blood sugar)
235
what are the two types of bone
compact and spongy
236
what is spongy bone and where is it found
loosely organized rods of bone called trabeculae found in epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of flat, short, or irregular bones
237
what is compact bone and where is it found
lines the outer surface of bones
238
what is spongy bone better for
resisting forces from multiple directions forming a lighter skeleton
239
what is compact bone better for
resisting forces in one direction storage of minerals in the matrix
240
what are trabeculae, what do they contain, and what are the spaces in between trabeculae called
the "bone" part in spongy bone they contain osteocytes the spaces contain red bone marrow
241
trabeculae are formed in response to __________
stressed placed on the bone (gravity/weight)
242
what is compact bone made of
osteons
243
what is an osteon
make up compact bone long, cylindrical run parallel to long axis of the bone
244
what are the concentric circles in an osteon called
lamellae
245
what form between adjacent lamellae
lacunae
246
what lives in lacunae
osteocytes (surrounded by extracellular matrix)
247
what are lacunae connected by and what is the purpose
canaliculi allow movement of nutrients and communication between osteocytes
248
what is in the central canal of an osteon
blood vessels (vein, artery) and nerves
249
how do blood vessels reach the central canals
perforating canals
250
how do nutrients get to osteocytes
diffuse through canaliculis
251
what are interstitial lamellae
remnants of old osteons
252
what are circumferential lamellae
rings around the circumference of diaphysis
253
what causes compact bone to be strong
the collagen fibers in adjacent lamellae run perpendicular to one another
254
what are examples of long bones
ulna, radius, femur
255
what are examples of short bones
talus (tarsal) capitate (carpal)
256
what are examples of flat bones
scapula, sternum
257
what are examples of irregular bones
sphenoid bones in skull, vertebra
258
where are spongy and compact bone found in long bones
spongy: epiphysis compact: diaphysis
259
what is the epiphyseal line/plate
separates epiphysis from diaphysis
260
what is articular cartilage
cartilage that covers the articulating surface of the bone
261
what is the medullary cavity
in diaphysis in adults: filled with yellow marrow (adipocytes) in children: filled with red bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
262
what is the periosteum
surrounds outer compact bone (except where the articular cartilage is present)
263
what is the periosteum made of
dense irregular CT
264
what attached the periosteum to bone
perforating fibers
265
where are osteoblasts and osteoclasts located
under the endosteum
266
what is the endosteum
lines inner surfaces of the bone (including trabeculae)
267
what is the endosteum made of
thinner dense CT
268
how does blood supply get to long bones
nutrient arteries (pierce periosteum) --> perforating arteries (inside perforating canal) --> central canal --> canaliculi --> osteoclasts
269
what is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line
the plate is the growth plate, site of active growth in long bone the line is when the growth plate becomes ossified (the growth length is complete)
270
what are the layers of the epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone
epiphysis resting zone proliferation zone hypertrophic zone calcification zone ossification zone diaphysis
271
what occurs in the proliferation zone (long bones)
cartilage cells undergo mitosis
272
what occurs in the hypertrophic zone (long bones)
older cartilage cells enlarge
273
what occurs in the calcification zone (long bone)
matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating
274
what occurs in the ossification zone
new bone formation is occuring
275
what is intramembranous ossification
in fetal development when connective tissue membranes are replaced by bone most of skull and clavicle form this way
276
what are fontanels
remnants of CT membrane in baby (soft spots on head)
277
what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification
1. ossification centers develop in fibrous CT 2. organic component is secreted then is calcified 3. immature bone is formed 4. woven bone is remodeled into compact bone
278
what is endochondral ossification
part of fetal bone growth that most of the skeleton forms from uses hyaline cartilage as a template epiphyseal plate is remnant of hyaline skeleton
279
where does remodeling of bones occur
under periosteum and endosteum
280
how do osteoclasts release minerals from the matrix
secrete HCl with dissolves and releases the minerals
281
how do osteoblasts fill matrix with minerals
lay down organic osteoid
282
what are the 4 steps of bone fracture healing
1. hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms (dense CT with hyaline and fibrocartilage) 3. bony callus forms (trabeculae of spongy bone first to form) 4. bone remodeling occurs
283
what is osteoporosis
pits on surface of bone indicate where osteoclasts have broken down the matrix osteoclasts outpace osteoblasts causes: low hormone levels, limited Ca, genetic
284
what is osteomalacia
bowed long bones in children results because of nutritional or UV deficiency not enough calcium to form hard matrix (vitamin D deficiency)
285
what is paget's disease
excessive remodeling of bone in an unorganized fashion deformed --> immature woven bone replaces compact bone enlarged bone causes: genetic or viral
286
what is part of your axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
287
what is part of your appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle upper limbs pelvic girdle lower limbs

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions