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TRI 3 - NS > Final Exam info > Flashcards

Final Exam info Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly describe the function of the cerebellum

A

Error detector and movement corrector

Detects unintended movements and sends info back to the motor cortex to correct them

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2
Q

What are the three major functions of the cerebellum

A

Synergy of movement
Maintenance of upright posture
Maintenance of tone

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3
Q

Describe “synergy of movement” as it relates to the cerebellum

A

Properly grouping movements for the performance of selective responses
Also has a role in learning

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4
Q

What are the functional regions of the cerebellum and what do they control

A

Lateral region / intermediate zones - control limbs

Vermis / Flocculonodular lobe - Trunk control

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5
Q

What happens when there is a cerebellar lesion

A

Ataxia

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6
Q

Describe the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Dentate - Largest, input from lateral regions
Emboliform - input from intermedial regions, limbs
Globase - input from intermediate regions, limbs
Fastigial - input from medial regions, influence vermis and Floculo lobe, trunk

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7
Q

Describe the vestibular nuclei

A

Function in some ways like deep cerebellar nuclei

Input from inferior vermis and Flocculi

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8
Q

Describe the circuitry of the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibers - input from pontine nuclei, climb then bifurcate
Climbing fibers - weave around purkinje cells

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9
Q

If there is a cerebellar lesion which side of the body will it present on

A

ipsilateral side

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10
Q

What happens when there is a cerebellar lesion in the midline

A 
Unsteady gait (truncal ataxia)
Eye movement abnormalities
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11
Q

What happens if there is a lesion lateral to the vermis

A

Limb ataxia

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12
Q

Describe the route of cerebellar output pathways

A

Double crossed
1st - exit superior cerebellar peduncle and crosses to LCST
2nd - LCST crosses at pyramidal decussation

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13
Q

Describe the pontocerebellar cerebellar input pathway

A

Mostly from primary sensory and motor cortex

Part of visual cortex

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14
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar cerebellar input pathway

A

Unconscious proprioception of limbs

  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (LE)
  • Cuneocerebellar tract (UE)

Reflect the amount of activity in the interneurons descending pathways

  • Ventral spinocerebellar (LE)
  • Rostral Spinocerebellar tract (UE)
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15
Q

Describe the dorsal Spinocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Ipsilateral the whole time

Enters spinal cord, ascends, enters inferior cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

Describe the cuneocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Ipsilateral the whole time
Information from fasciculus cuneatus
Enters in the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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17
Q

Describe the Rostral and ventral Spinocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Double crosses
Decussates in the spinal cord immediately
Rises to superior cerebellar peduncle, Decussates again

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18
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the SCA supplies

A

Superior region of the Cerebellum

Comes from the basilar artery

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19
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the AICA supplies

A

Anterior and inferior portion of the cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles
Off of basilar artery

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20
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the PICA supplies

A

Posterior and inferior Cerebellum
Lateral medulla
Off of vertebral artery

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21
Q

Describe some general deficits with Cerebellar artery infarcts

A 
Vertigo
Horizontal nystagmus
Limb ataxia
Unsteady gait
HA
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22
Q

Describe the symptoms of an AICA infarct

A

Unilateral hearing loss

Aica supplies internal auditory artery

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23
Q

Describe the symptoms of an SCA infarct

A

Ipsilateral ataxia with little to no brainstem signs

Involve mostly the cerebellum and spare the lateral brainstem

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24
Q

What can occur with large infarcts of the SCA

A

Large swelling can compress the 4th ventricle or herniate the cerebellum

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25
Describe the symptoms of a cerebellar hemorrhage
HA n/v ataxia nystagmus
26
Describe Dysrhythmia
Abnormal timing
27
Describe Dysdiadochokinesia
abnormal rapid alternating movements
28
Describe dysmetria
abnormal trajectories
29
Describe truncal ataxia
Vermis lesion Difficulty in upright position Fall or sway to side of the lesion
30
Describe appendicular ataxia
Lesions to the intermediate and lateral cerebellum
31
Can lesions involve both the vermis and hemispheres
yes | meaning truncal and appendicular ataxia can coexist
32
Describe false localization of ataxia
input or output pathways can be damaged resulting in ataxia while cerebellum is intact To confirm look to see if joint position sense is better with eyes open than closed
33
What are some signs and symptoms of cerebellar disorders
``` Nausea Vomiting Vertigo Slurred speech Unsteadiness Uncoordinated limb movement Headaches to the side of the lesion ```
34
How can you recognize truncal ataxia
Wide base of support unsteady gait Tandem gait used to assess
35
What does the thalamus tell the body to do
Get up and go
36
What does the basil ganglia do
Inhibit the thalamus
37
Describe the direct pathway
Cortex releases glutamate to excite striatum Striatum releases Ach to inhibit GPi and SNr This prevents release of inhibitory GABA to thalamus Thalamus tells body to "go"
38
Describe the indirect pathway
Cortex releases glutamate to excite the striatum SNc releases dopamine which tells the striatum to release GABA GABA inhibits the GPe GP does not release GABA to the subthalamic nucleus Subthalamic nucleus releases glutamate to excite the GPi and SNr GPi and SNR release glutamate to the thalamus Thalamus is inhibited so body does not "go"
39
Describe the different channels of the Basil ganglia
Motor - regulate movement Oculomotor - regulate eye movement Prefrontal - cognitive process Limbic - emotion and motivational drive, possibly plays a role in psychiatric disorders
40
Describe the some signs of PD
Bradykinesia Tremor Rigidity
41
What is parkinsonism
``` Similar symptoms but not Parkinson's No response to levodopa No tremor Early dementia marked autonomic signs ataxia corticospinal signs ```
42
What is the pathogenesis of PD
Degeneration of the substantia nigra 70-80% degenerated before clinical signs can be noticed Direct pathway is wiped out, indirect predominates
43
What are some common PD medications
Carbidopa - sinemet Dopamine agonists Glutamate agonists
44
What is huntingtins disease
Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition | Progressive atrophy of the striatum
45
What are the symptoms of huntingtins disease
Abnormalities of body movement, emotions and cognition | Also tics, athetosis, dystonic posturing
46
What is the pathophysiology of huntingtins disease
Reduced GABA from caudate Indirect pathway is wiped out Direct pathway predominates
47
How do you treat for chorea
dopamine depleting agent, tetrabenazine or dopamine receptor blocker also deep brain stimulation
48
With regard to the limbic system what is the Hypothalamus responsible for
Homeostasis
49
With regard to the limbic system what is the olfactory cortex responsible for
olfaction
50
With regard to the limbic system what is the Hippocampal formation responsible for
Memory
51
With regard to the limbic system what is the Amygdala responsible for
Emotion and drives
52
Describe limbic circuitry
Bidirectional
53
What occurs with lesions to the orbitofrontal lobe
``` Blunted affect: non-emotional state, no ups and downs minimal emotional response to pain Decreased motivational drive Cognitive deficits IQ intact ```
54
What occurs with lesions to the inferior temporal lobe
Learning a visual task becomes difficult | Unable to get info in or process it
55
Describe the septal nuclei
Involved with the pleasure center Modulates memory Responsible for desire to eat, reproduce Lesions are associated with anorexia or gluttony
56
Describe the role of the thalamus
Emotional response to sensations
57
Describe Korsakoff's syndrome
Alcohol induced destruction of the mammillary bodies
58
Describe the role of the hypothalamus
Autonomic response to emotion | lesions associated with anorexia, bulimia
59
What happens with a lesion to the brainstem and periaqueductal grey
Mutism - indifference to pain
60
Describe the role of the rhinencephalon
Smell
61
Where are the secondary olfactory areas
Inferior entorhinal cortex - smell in memory | Orbitofrontal olfactory area - smell discrimination
62
What happens when the amygdala is damaged
Hypersexuality | Disinhibited behavior
63
Describe the stria terminalis output
long way around Main output C shaped path
64
Describe the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway
projecta along the base of the brain | Fibers to cortical and subcortical areas
65
What are the medial temporal lobe memory areas
Hippocampal formation | Parahippocampal gyrus
66
What are the medial diencephalic memory areas
Mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei Mammillary bodies Diencephalic nuclei lining the third ventricle
67
What make up the hippocampal formation
Dentate gyrus Subiculum Hippocampus
68
What is the circle of papez responsible for
Control of emotional experiences
69
What does the circuit of papez do
Controls emotional experiences
70
What is the benefit of cerebral lateralization
eliminates delays of transmission
71
What does the posterior parietal and temporal association cortex do
Interpret perceptual data | Assign meaning to sensory information
72
What does the anterior frontal association/ prefrontal cortex do
Planning, control, execution of actions
73
What is the difference between dominant and non dominant function
The dominant side performs more analytical tasks
74
What connects broca's and Wernicke's areas
Arcuate fasciculus
75
What artery has a watershed region over brocas area
ACA
76
What artery has a watershed over Wernicke's area
PCA | Some ACA
77
What is alexia
impaired reading
78
What is agraphia
impaired writing
79
What is Gerstmann's syndrome
Left parietal lobe Agraphia Right left disorientation Finger agnosia
80
Describe cortical deafness
can't interpret sounds
81
Describe pure word deafness
can't understand verbal sounds but can understand nonverbal sounds
82
Describe auditory agnosia
Can understand speech but not nonverbal sounds
83
Describe aphemia
inability to speak for motor reasons
84
Where is the visulal-spatial analysis center
non dominant hemisphere
85
What is anosognosia
Don't recognize own limbs
86
What is capgras syndrome
People have been replaced
87
What is fregoli syndrome
different people are same people in disguise
88
Describe Reduplicative paramnesia
Believe a person place or thing exists as two identical copies
89
What is frontal lobe function
Restraint Initiative Order
90
What can occur with frontal lobe disorders
contradictory behaviors | Apathy or explosive emotional response
91
What takes place in the prefrontal cortex
Higher function - attention, motivation, problem solving, planning
92
What happens when there is a lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Person appears lifeless
93
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for
``` Working memory Learning Cognition Selective attention intuition ```
94
What is the orbitofrontal lobe control
Impulse control Judgement Social appropriateness
95
What happens with a lesion to the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex
Disinhibited behavior | Poor judgement
96
Describe lateralization of frontal lobe lesions
Left - depression like symptoms | Right - behavioral disturbances

TRI 3 - NS (13 decks)

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