Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TRI 3 - NS > Final Exam info > Flashcards

Final Exam info Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the function of the cerebellum

A

Error detector and movement corrector

Detects unintended movements and sends info back to the motor cortex to correct them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three major functions of the cerebellum

A

Synergy of movement
Maintenance of upright posture
Maintenance of tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe “synergy of movement” as it relates to the cerebellum

A

Properly grouping movements for the performance of selective responses
Also has a role in learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functional regions of the cerebellum and what do they control

A

Lateral region / intermediate zones - control limbs

Vermis / Flocculonodular lobe - Trunk control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when there is a cerebellar lesion

A

Ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Dentate - Largest, input from lateral regions
Emboliform - input from intermedial regions, limbs
Globase - input from intermediate regions, limbs
Fastigial - input from medial regions, influence vermis and Floculo lobe, trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the vestibular nuclei

A

Function in some ways like deep cerebellar nuclei

Input from inferior vermis and Flocculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the circuitry of the cerebellum

A

Mossy fibers - input from pontine nuclei, climb then bifurcate
Climbing fibers - weave around purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If there is a cerebellar lesion which side of the body will it present on

A

ipsilateral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when there is a cerebellar lesion in the midline

A 
Unsteady gait (truncal ataxia)
Eye movement abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens if there is a lesion lateral to the vermis

A

Limb ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the route of cerebellar output pathways

A

Double crossed
1st - exit superior cerebellar peduncle and crosses to LCST
2nd - LCST crosses at pyramidal decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the pontocerebellar cerebellar input pathway

A

Mostly from primary sensory and motor cortex

Part of visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar cerebellar input pathway

A

Unconscious proprioception of limbs

  • Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract (LE)
  • Cuneocerebellar tract (UE)

Reflect the amount of activity in the interneurons descending pathways

  • Ventral spinocerebellar (LE)
  • Rostral Spinocerebellar tract (UE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the dorsal Spinocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Ipsilateral the whole time

Enters spinal cord, ascends, enters inferior cerebellar peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the cuneocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Ipsilateral the whole time
Information from fasciculus cuneatus
Enters in the inferior cerebellar peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the Rostral and ventral Spinocerebellar tract’s pathway

A

Double crosses
Decussates in the spinal cord immediately
Rises to superior cerebellar peduncle, Decussates again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the SCA supplies

A

Superior region of the Cerebellum

Comes from the basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the AICA supplies

A

Anterior and inferior portion of the cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles
Off of basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the regions of the cerebellum the PICA supplies

A

Posterior and inferior Cerebellum
Lateral medulla
Off of vertebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe some general deficits with Cerebellar artery infarcts

A 
Vertigo
Horizontal nystagmus
Limb ataxia
Unsteady gait
HA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the symptoms of an AICA infarct

A

Unilateral hearing loss

Aica supplies internal auditory artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the symptoms of an SCA infarct

A

Ipsilateral ataxia with little to no brainstem signs

Involve mostly the cerebellum and spare the lateral brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can occur with large infarcts of the SCA

A

Large swelling can compress the 4th ventricle or herniate the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the symptoms of a cerebellar hemorrhage

A

HA
n/v
ataxia
nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe Dysrhythmia

A

Abnormal timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe Dysdiadochokinesia

A

abnormal rapid alternating movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe dysmetria

A

abnormal trajectories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe truncal ataxia

A

Vermis lesion
Difficulty in upright position
Fall or sway to side of the lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe appendicular ataxia

A

Lesions to the intermediate and lateral cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Can lesions involve both the vermis and hemispheres

A

yes

meaning truncal and appendicular ataxia can coexist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe false localization of ataxia

A

input or output pathways can be damaged resulting in ataxia while cerebellum is intact
To confirm look to see if joint position sense is better with eyes open than closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of cerebellar disorders

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Vertigo
Slurred speech
Unsteadiness
Uncoordinated limb movement
Headaches to the side of the lesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How can you recognize truncal ataxia

A

Wide base of support
unsteady gait
Tandem gait used to assess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the thalamus tell the body to do

A

Get up and go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the basil ganglia do

A

Inhibit the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the direct pathway

A

Cortex releases glutamate to excite striatum
Striatum releases Ach to inhibit GPi and SNr
This prevents release of inhibitory GABA to thalamus
Thalamus tells body to “go”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the indirect pathway

A

Cortex releases glutamate to excite the striatum
SNc releases dopamine which tells the striatum to release GABA
GABA inhibits the GPe
GP does not release GABA to the subthalamic nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus releases glutamate to excite the GPi and SNr
GPi and SNR release glutamate to the thalamus
Thalamus is inhibited so body does not “go”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the different channels of the Basil ganglia

A

Motor - regulate movement
Oculomotor - regulate eye movement
Prefrontal - cognitive process
Limbic - emotion and motivational drive, possibly plays a role in psychiatric disorders

40
Q

Describe the some signs of PD

A

Bradykinesia
Tremor
Rigidity

41
Q

What is parkinsonism

A 
Similar symptoms but not Parkinson's
No response to levodopa
No tremor
Early dementia
marked autonomic signs
ataxia
corticospinal signs
42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PD

A

Degeneration of the substantia nigra
70-80% degenerated before clinical signs can be noticed
Direct pathway is wiped out, indirect predominates

43
Q

What are some common PD medications

A

Carbidopa - sinemet
Dopamine agonists
Glutamate agonists

44
Q

What is huntingtins disease

A

Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition

Progressive atrophy of the striatum

45
Q

What are the symptoms of huntingtins disease

A

Abnormalities of body movement, emotions and cognition

Also tics, athetosis, dystonic posturing

46
Q

What is the pathophysiology of huntingtins disease

A

Reduced GABA from caudate
Indirect pathway is wiped out
Direct pathway predominates

47
Q

How do you treat for chorea

A

dopamine depleting agent, tetrabenazine or dopamine receptor blocker also deep brain stimulation

48
Q

With regard to the limbic system what is the Hypothalamus responsible for

A

Homeostasis

49
Q

With regard to the limbic system what is the olfactory cortex responsible for

A

olfaction

50
Q

With regard to the limbic system what is the Hippocampal formation responsible for

A

Memory

51
Q

With regard to the limbic system what is the Amygdala responsible for

A

Emotion and drives

52
Q

Describe limbic circuitry

A

Bidirectional

53
Q

What occurs with lesions to the orbitofrontal lobe

A 
Blunted affect: non-emotional state, no ups and downs
minimal emotional response to pain
Decreased motivational drive
Cognitive deficits
IQ intact
54
Q

What occurs with lesions to the inferior temporal lobe

A

Learning a visual task becomes difficult

Unable to get info in or process it

55
Q

Describe the septal nuclei

A

Involved with the pleasure center
Modulates memory
Responsible for desire to eat, reproduce
Lesions are associated with anorexia or gluttony

56
Q

Describe the role of the thalamus

A

Emotional response to sensations

57
Q

Describe Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Alcohol induced destruction of the mammillary bodies

58
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus

A

Autonomic response to emotion

lesions associated with anorexia, bulimia

59
Q

What happens with a lesion to the brainstem and periaqueductal grey

A

Mutism - indifference to pain

60
Q

Describe the role of the rhinencephalon

A

Smell

61
Q

Where are the secondary olfactory areas

A

Inferior entorhinal cortex - smell in memory

Orbitofrontal olfactory area - smell discrimination

62
Q

What happens when the amygdala is damaged

A

Hypersexuality

Disinhibited behavior

63
Q

Describe the stria terminalis output

A

long way around
Main output
C shaped path

64
Q

Describe the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway

A

projecta along the base of the brain

Fibers to cortical and subcortical areas

65
Q

What are the medial temporal lobe memory areas

A

Hippocampal formation

Parahippocampal gyrus

66
Q

What are the medial diencephalic memory areas

A

Mediodorsal and anterior thalamic nuclei
Mammillary bodies
Diencephalic nuclei lining the third ventricle

67
Q

What make up the hippocampal formation

A

Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
Hippocampus

68
Q

What is the circle of papez responsible for

A

Control of emotional experiences

69
Q

What does the circuit of papez do

A

Controls emotional experiences

70
Q

What is the benefit of cerebral lateralization

A

eliminates delays of transmission

71
Q

What does the posterior parietal and temporal association cortex do

A

Interpret perceptual data

Assign meaning to sensory information

72
Q

What does the anterior frontal association/ prefrontal cortex do

A

Planning, control, execution of actions

73
Q

What is the difference between dominant and non dominant function

A

The dominant side performs more analytical tasks

74
Q

What connects broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Arcuate fasciculus

75
Q

What artery has a watershed region over brocas area

A

ACA

76
Q

What artery has a watershed over Wernicke’s area

A

PCA

Some ACA

77
Q

What is alexia

A

impaired reading

78
Q

What is agraphia

A

impaired writing

79
Q

What is Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Left parietal lobe
Agraphia
Right left disorientation
Finger agnosia

80
Q

Describe cortical deafness

A

can’t interpret sounds

81
Q

Describe pure word deafness

A

can’t understand verbal sounds but can understand nonverbal sounds

82
Q

Describe auditory agnosia

A

Can understand speech but not nonverbal sounds

83
Q

Describe aphemia

A

inability to speak for motor reasons

84
Q

Where is the visulal-spatial analysis center

A

non dominant hemisphere

85
Q

What is anosognosia

A

Don’t recognize own limbs

86
Q

What is capgras syndrome

A

People have been replaced

87
Q

What is fregoli syndrome

A

different people are same people in disguise

88
Q

Describe Reduplicative paramnesia

A

Believe a person place or thing exists as two identical copies

89
Q

What is frontal lobe function

A

Restraint
Initiative
Order

90
Q

What can occur with frontal lobe disorders

A

contradictory behaviors

Apathy or explosive emotional response

91
Q

What takes place in the prefrontal cortex

A

Higher function - attention, motivation, problem solving, planning

92
Q

What happens when there is a lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Person appears lifeless

93
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex responsible for

A 
Working memory
Learning
Cognition
Selective attention
intuition
94
Q

What is the orbitofrontal lobe control

A

Impulse control
Judgement
Social appropriateness

95
Q

What happens with a lesion to the ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex

A

Disinhibited behavior

Poor judgement

96
Q

Describe lateralization of frontal lobe lesions

A

Left - depression like symptoms

Right - behavioral disturbances

TRI 3 - NS (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions