Exam 1 info Flashcards
Describe the ventricles in the brain
Lateral ventricles Intraventricular foramen Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central canal
Describe neurulation
Formation of neural crest and neural tube
What types of deficits can occur in neurilation
Spina bifida
Anencephaly - failure of anterior neuropore to close
What makes up the Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
What type of cells give rise to the CNS
Ectodermal cells
What are the important flexures of the developing brain
Cephalic - brain/ brainstem
Cervical - spinal cord / brain
Pontine - cerebellum
What is in the ventral portion
Basal plate - motor system
What is in the Dorsal portion
Alar plate - sensory
What type of neurons do mammals mostly have
Multipolar - lots of synapses
What is a glial cell
the myelinating cells
CNS - oligodendrocytes
PNS - Schwan cells
What are some terms synonymous with white matter
Tracts Fascicle Lemniscus Bundle Commissure
Differentiate between sensory and motor pathways
SAD - sensory, afferent, dorsal
MEV - motor, efferent, ventral
Describe some important features of the spinal cord
Cervical enlargement - brachial plexus
Lumbosacral enlargement - lumbosacral plexus
Cauda equina - termination of spinal cord at L2
What is the neurotransmitter in the SNS
Norepinephrine
What is the neurotransmitter in the PSNS
Acetylcholine
Where is the primary Motor cortex
Precentral girus
Where is the primary Sensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
Where is the primary visual cortex
Calcarine fissure on the occipital lobes
Where is the primary auditory cortex
Transverse gyri of Heschel
Where is the pyramidal decussation
Junction between medulla and spinal cord
What does the DCML transmit
Proprioception
Vibration
Fine touch
What does the spinothalamic pathway transmit
Pain
Temperature
Crude touch
What sense does not synapse at the thalamus
olfaction
What does the limbic system regulate
Emotion Memory Appetite Autonomic Neuroendocrine Olfaction
What is the difference between uni and heteromodal association coortexes
Uni - single sensory or motor modality, unimodal; visual association cortex
Hetero - multiple sensory or motor modalities, prefrontal
What is Gerstmann’s syndrome
Difficulty with calculations
Right left confusion
Finger Agnosia
Difficulty with written language
What is extinction
Loss of sensation to side contralateral to the lesion
What are the cerebral arteries in anterior circulation
ACA
Acomm
MCA
ICA
What are the cerebral arteries in the posterior circulation
PCA
What are the cerebral arteries in the cerebral circulation
SCA
AICA
PICA
What are the 6 steps of the motor examination
Observation Inspection Palpation Muscle tone testing Functional testing Strength testing
What impairment is associated with huntingtins disease
chorea
What does fMRI look like
fire in the brain
What does PET look like
rainbows in the brain
What is TMS
measures brain activity
What is tDCS
transcranial direct current stimulation
used to prime motor learning
What is DBS
Deep brain stimulation
helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson’s
What is BDNF
Brain derived neurotrophic factor
key mediator of neuroplasticity
What is the pathway of a first order neuron in the posterior column
receptor - spinal cord - medulla
What is the pathway of a second order neuron in the posterior column
Medulla - crosses in medulla - thalamus
What is the pathway of a third order neuron in the posterior column
thalamus - post central gyrus
What is the pathway of a first order neuron in the anterior column
Skin - dorsal grey matter
What is the pathway of a second order neuron in the anterior column
Dorsal grey matter - decussates to anterolateral white matter - thalamus
What is the pathway of a third order neuron in the anterior column
thalamus - Post central gyrus
