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TRI 3 - NS > Exam 3 content 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 content 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does SCALP stand for

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeuroses
Loose connective tissue
Pericardium
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2
Q

What are the meninges of the brain

A

Durra
Arachnoid
Pia

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3
Q

Describe the durra mater and what structures it forms

A 
Thickest
Toughest
Outermost
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
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4
Q

What can the dura mater damage in traumatic incidents

A

Falx - Corpus calosum

Tentorium - CN3, brainstem

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5
Q

Describe the epidural space and some of its contents

A

Between skull and durra

Middle meningeal artery

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6
Q

Describe a epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery

May shift brain over

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7
Q

Describe the subdural space

A

Between the dura and arachnoid

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8
Q

Describe a subdural hematoma

A

Chronic - rupture of bridging veins that are vulnerable to shear forces
Acute - traumatic shear force

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9
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

Between the arachnoid and pia mater

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10
Q

Describe subarachnoid hematoma

A

Bleeding into the CSF
May be traumatic or non traumatic
Produces severe headaches

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11
Q

What is a Subfalcine herniation

A

Brain pushed under falx cerebri

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12
Q

What is a central herniation

A

brain pushed into 3rd ventricle

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13
Q

What is an uncal herniation

A

Pushes brain over lip of tentorium cerebelli

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14
Q

What is a tonsillar herniation

A

Cerebellar tonsil pushed through foramen magnum

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15
Q

Briefly describe the lateral ventricles

A

C shaped with a tail

Exist in all lobes of the brain

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16
Q

Describe the Luschka and Magendi canal

A

Luschka - lateral off of 4th

Magendi - posterior off of 4th

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17
Q

What is the role of the choroid plexus and what is it made of

A

Produce CSF

Ependymal cells

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18
Q

What is the role of CSF

A

Buoyancy
Cushioning
Cleaning
Ionic balance

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19
Q

Where is the cistern magna

A

Between cerebellum and medulla

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20
Q

what is normal CSF pressure in adults

A

80-180 mm of water

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21
Q

Describe the arachnoid granulations

A

CSF is constantly produced and needs to be removed

Exits via the arachnoid granulations and deposited into venous sinus

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22
Q

What is hydrocephalus, how is it caused, how is it treated

A

Enlarged ventricles due to increased CSF pressure
Blocked CSF circulation, impeded CSF absorption, too much CSF production
Treated with shunt to drain CSF

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23
Q

What are some symptoms and treatments of increased ICP

A

Headache, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension, loss of consciousness, papilledema
Head elevation in bed, medication, surgery to remove part of the skull

24
Q

Describe a lumbar puncture

A

L3-L5
Fetal position
Epidural space

25
Q

Describe venous drainage of the brain

A 
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus - strait sinus
Confluence
Transverse
Sigmoid
IJV
26
Q

Describe the blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells and capillary wall

Protect brain function

27
Q

What can a sudden explosive headache indicate

A

Medical emergency
Stroke
CSF increases

28
Q

Where does the anterior and posterior circulation of the brain originate from

A

Anterior - carotid

Posterior - vertebral arteries

29
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

Sack protrusion on the side of a blood vessel

30
Q

Describe a transient ischemic attack

A

Brief period of stroke symptoms, less than 10 minutes

15% of patients with TIA will have CVA - 50% of those CVAs will happen in 48 hours

31
Q

What is apraxia and agnosia

A

Apraxia - difficulty with leaned movement

Agnosia - inability to recognize objects by touch

32
Q

What is the rule of 2s in the brain

A

Brain is 2% of body weight
Uses 20% of the oxygen
Uses 25% of the glucose
receives 15% of cardiac output

33
Q

What is TPA

A

Ischemic stroke medication

to be given within 4.5 hours of stroke

34
Q

Describe hemorrhagic stroke

A

15%-20% of strokes
Higher mortality than embolic strokes or thrombic
The larger the vessel the larger the mortality

35
Q

How do you recognize a brainstem stroke

A

4D’s with crossed findings

  • Diplopia
  • Dysarthria
  • Dysphagia
  • Dizziness

Contralateral

  • Weakness
  • Sensory loss
  • Cerebellar signs
36
Q

Describe locked in syndrome

A

Basilar artery stroke
Bilateral weakness of UE, LE and face
Lateral gaze weakness
Dysarthria

37
Q

Describe the fovea

A

Central fixation point for each eye

Surrounded by the macula

38
Q

What creates a blind spot

A

The optic disk of an eye that is used by itself

39
Q

What are the layers of the retina

A 
Photoreceptors
 - Rods - low light conditions, no color
 - Cones - High resolution images
Bipolar cells
 - send info to ganglion cells
Ganglion cells
 - Parasol cells - large movements / gross features
 - Midget cells - fine visual details and color
40
Q

What is the LGN

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Where the optic tracts go

41
Q

What are the layers of the LGN

A

Parvocellular layers - 6-3 - midget cells

Magnocellular layers - 2-1 - Parasol cells

42
Q

What is an extra geniculate pathway

A

Optic nerve fibers that bypass the LGN and instead enter the colliculus and pretectal areas

43
Q

Describe Meyer’s loop

A

Superior Visual field
Inferior optic radiations
Pass through temporal lobe
To lower bank of calcarine

44
Q

Describe the superior radiations

A

Inferior visual field
Pass through parietal lobe
Upper bank of calcarine

45
Q

Where is the Fovea and macula represented in the cortex

A

Occipital pole

46
Q

How does the body process motion imaging

A

Motion

  • Parasol cells
  • Dorsolateral cortex
  • “Where is what we are seeing”
47
Q

How does the body process form and color imaging

A

Form and Color

  • Midget cells
  • Inferior Occipital Temporal cortex
  • “What are we looking at”
48
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative visual phenomena

A

Positive
- things added to visual field, hallucinations or colors

Negative
- loss of visual field

49
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the optic nerve

A

Monoptic visual loss

50
Q

What is the result if there is a scotoma present

A

damage to a small part of the retina

51
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the optic chiasm

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia “tunnel vision”

52
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the Optic tract, LGN, both optic radiations, Primary visual cortex

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

53
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the Superior radiations or upper back of calcarine

A

Contralateral inferior quadrantanopia

54
Q

What is the result if there is damage to the Inferior radiations or inferior bank of the calcarine

A

Contralateral superior quadrantanopia

55
Q

Describe Macular sparing

A

partial lesions of visual pathway result in intact macular tracts
Center of vision is still intact

56
Q

Describe Central scotoma

A

Occipital lobe damage

Resulting in loss of only the very center of the visual field

57
Q

Describe a Amaurosis Fugax

A

Transient occlusion of inferior branch of retinal artery
Browning out
Refer this patient out

TRI 3 - NS (13 decks)

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