Exam 3 content 3 Flashcards
Describe the brainstem
A compact area the nearly all the information headed to and from the brain passes through
Describe CN 1
Olfactory Detects odor Exits skull at cribriform plate Damage - anosmia - olfactory loss - unilateral deficits go unnoticed Causes - head trauma, viral infections, PD, Alzheimer's, intracranial lesions
Describe CN 2
Optic Seeing Exits skull via optic canal Nucleus: LGN Damage - Monocular vision loss
Describe CN 3
Oculomotor
Eye movement
Exits skull in superior orbital fissure
Nucleus: midbrain
Describe CN 4
Trochlear Eye movement Exits skull in superior orbital fissure Nucleus: Midbrain Innervates superior oblique Moves eye down and medial Damage
Describe CN 5
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic - Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - Foramen rotundum
Mandibular - Foramen ovale - muscles of mastication
Describe Trigeminal neuralgia
Brief recurrent episode of facial pain lasting seconds to minutes
Provoked by chewing or shaving
Happens in MS patients
Treat with medication
Describe CN 6
Abducens Superior orbital fissure Nucleus: Pons Motor to lateral rectus Turns eye outward Damage - difficulty turning eye outward, medial strabismus or diplopia
Describe CN 7
Facial nerve
Controls muscles of facial expression, tear production, taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue
Exits skull via internal auditory meatus, exits stylomastoid foramen
Nucleus: caudal pons
Describe UMN and LMN facial nerve lesions
UMN - lower face weakness, forehead spared
LMN - Bells palsy, full face weakness
Describe CN 8
Vestibulocochlear
Balance and hearing
Exits skull via internal auditory canal
Describe sensorineural hearing loss
Disorders of cochlea and CN 8
Caused by exposure to loud sounds, Meniere’s disease, tumor
Describe Conductive hearing loss
Abnormalities of external auditory canal or middle ear
Caused by otitis, tympanic membrane perforation
Describe the Rinne test
Tests for conductive hearing loss
Tuning fork on mastoid to compare air and bone transduction
Describe the Weber test
Used to determine sensorineural hearing loss
Tuning for in center of skull, if quiet there is hearing loss
Describe vertigo
Can be caused by lesions along the vestibular pathway
Describe cranial nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal
Sensation to posterior tongue and pharynx
Jugular foramen
Describe CN 10
Vagus
Parasympathetic to heart, lungs, digestive
Jugular foramen
Describe CN 11
Spinal accessory
Upper 5-6 cervical segments
SCM, upper traps
Foramen magnum
Describe CN 12
Hypoglossal
Tongue movement
Hypoglossal canal
Starting from up and out and ending with up and in what eye muscles do what movements
Superior rectus - up, in Lateral rectus - out Inferior rectus - down, out Superior oblique - down, in Medial rectus - in Inferior oblique up, in
Describe a coma
Unrousable unresponsiveness in which patient lies with eyes closed
Minimal duration of 1 hour
Disfunction of upper brain stem
Coma is not a long lasting condition
Describe a vegetative state
Sleep wake cycles present
May open their eyes
Grunt
No meaningful gestures or speech
Describe a minimally conscious state
Minimal or variable degree of responsiveness
Able to follow simple commands
Describe Millard-gubler syndrome
Basilar artery
Contralateral weakness of UE and LE
Ipsilateral gaze weakness
Ipsilateral weakness of the face
Describe Raymond syndrome
ipsilateral gaze weakness
Contralateral weakness of UE and LE
Describe medal medullary syndrome
Contralateral weakness UE and LE
Contralateral sensory loss
Ipsilateral tongue weakness
Describe Inferior medial pontine syndrome
Contralateral weakness of UE and LE
Ipsilateral gaze weakness
Ipsilateral weakness of the face
Describe a Lacunar stroke
Pure Motor syndromes - Contralateral weakness of face and UE and LE Pure sensory syndromes - Contralateral sensory loss of face, UE and LE Ataxic hemiparesis - Contralateral weakness - Ataxia Clumsy hand - Dysarthria - Dysphagia - clumsy hand
Describe an AICA stroke
Affects lateral pons
Ataxia
Contralateral weakness
Contralateral sensory loss
