Final Exam Content Flashcards

Question

What are the cons of the classical view?

Answer 1

 How to identify poorly defined categories such as games  What will be that one feature to make all the members a part of that category (very hard to determine this)  Graded structure: some instances of a certain concept that seem more born to the category than other ones  Most problematic: how long it would take for us to make decisions  There should be a more economical concept and rules as to why something is occurring

Answer 2

Based on similarity among members and comparison to standards People abstract the common elements of a particular concept and then store an abstracted prototypical representation in memory

Answer 3

Normally it would take too long to decide, but this makes decision making super quick

Answer 4

How do we come up with prototype representations when we have these poorly defined categories

Answer 5

Member of a conceptual category exhibiting a collection of typical features or attributes -Average a large number of examples of the concept

Answer 6

 Instead of using one thing to represent a concept we use multiple things  People consider each encounter that they have experienced with the members of that category  Based on similarity among members and comparison to standards  Concepts are represented by a variety of exemplars  Each concept is represented by any number of specific members of the concept

Answer 7

We don't have to come up with one prototype that relates to everything we can just get examples

Answer 8

With this we are not able to make decisions as you are having to make multiple comparisons

Answer 9

People have a general idea of the essence of a particular concept Members of a category have a fundamental similarity (essence)

Answer 10

 If a response in a presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, the association between the stimulus and the response will be strengthened; if the response is followed by an annoying event, the association will be weakened

Answer 11

 The puzzle box where you can trap cats, and for the cats to get out of the boxes they must solve some challenges in the box  Look up the details of this experiment and put the details into your study cards  It starts narrowing down the behaviors needed to open the box (trial and error, operant conditioning)  But not because they are learning but rather, they are learning how to get out of the box  These behaviors are explaining insight vs. Trial and error Late 1800s

Answer 12

transcription and analysis of people's verbalizations as they solve the problem

Answer 13

o Depends on participants’ verbal activity o Assumes verbal report is accurate o Thinking out loud may interfere or change the nature of thought processes

Answer 14

o Involves a goal-directed sequence of steps and the cognitive operations used to work through a problem in the face of constraints that must be observed and obstacles that must be overcome

Answer 15

Where you are right now, the state that you start off in

Answer 16

Where you are trying to get

Answer 17

Initial state Goal state Set of rules or constraints Set of obstacles Ill-defined problems --> well-defined problems

Answer 18

a. Highly structured symbol system that allows for creative and meaningful communication

Answer 19

a. Discipline devoted to understanding the properties of human language and the mechanisms responsible for language acquisition

Answer 20

a. All the words (symbols) that allow for communication and comprehension i. Sign language counts as a spoken language as well only way it isn’t is that it isn’t spoken ii. Dimensions of semantic memory iii. Each representation includes not only the meaning but also other information about the word (sound, written form, roles it can take in a sentence, etc.)

Answer 21

Process by which a concept is activated within the lexicon

Answer 22

Semanticity, arbitrariness, displacement, prevarication, reflectiveness, productivity,

Answer 23

1. Elements of language convey meaning a. The relationship between the symbols and the meaning is completely arbitrary

Answer 24

1. The connections between linguistic units and concepts or meanings referred to by those units are entirely arbitrary

Answer 25

Language allows us to talk about times other than the immediate present

Answer 26

the ability that language allows us for misrepresentation and deception

Answer 27

the ability that language allows us for misrepresentation and deception

Answer 28

an infinite number of sentences can be produced by applying the rules of language

Answer 29

 Describes how humans make decisions and how we violate the expected utility model  Humans are NOT rational decision makers  Decisions are made based on the amount of gain or loss from what we have right now

Answer 30

 Decisions are made based on expected utility of outcomes and their probabilities  Humans are rational decision makers

Answer 31

 Involves a choice between alternatives  Involves risk and uncertainty

Answer 32

 Tendency to misconstrue what a random sample should look like  Some random samples are more likely than others

Answer 33

 The mistaken belief that a compound outcome of two characteristics is more likely than one of the characteristics by itself

Answer 34

o If you try to study another language later in life some languages will seem easier than others

Answer 35

Social rules of language There's more than what people are actually saying Use of language in social contexts to bring about desired consequences

Answer 36

* The smallest unit * Analysis of the sounds of language as they are articulated and comprehended in speech

Answer 37

o The basic sounds that compose a language  Ex: phonemes are the sounds that represent a single to multiple letters

Answer 38

 Involve continuous flow of air through the vocal tract

Answer 39

 Differ in place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing

Answer 40

* Analysis of how we manipulate and change phonemes to produce different words and word forms * This is the smallest unit that have meaning, smallest units of language that have meaning

Answer 41

 Word morphemes; may stand alone  Unhappiness the free morpheme is happy, (un, happi, ness) 3 morphemes  you have 1 free morpheme and 2 bound morpheme

Answer 42

 Prefix or suffix morphemes; need to accompany a free morpheme in order to have meaning.  Cat  when you add the s it gives cats meaning  Played  2 morphemes (play, played)

Answer 43

 System of rules is implemented to make the necessary transformations (procedural knowledge)

Answer 44

 Have an associative system whereby regular-irregular pairs are committed to memory and used to retrieve each other (semantic memories)

Answer 45

Yes, younger kids are better with irregular forms than older kids

Answer 46

 There is a rule to identify irregular forms but now that they aren’t young they overuse it

Answer 47

 Finding that frequent words in the language are processed more rapidly than infrequent words

Answer 48

 Occurs when a word with 2 possible meanings is encountered

Answer 49

The meaning or interpretation given to the spoken or written word

Answer 50

The rules governing the orders of words in a sentence

Answer 51

o Chomsky’s theory of the structure of language o Language is hard wired

Answer 52

o Innate mechanism that allows the developing child to understand and produce language

Answer 53

Conceptualization, planning, articulation, self-monitoring

Answer 54

Decide what we want to say

Answer 55

organization of thoughts in terms of language?

Answer 56

put the linguistic plan into action

Answer 57

keep track of what is being said and change it if necessary

Answer 58

o Type of deductive reasoning o Tell participants that they are going to be given four cards and in each of these four cards they are going to have one side with a letter and the other side with a number on the opposite side o The researcher then gives them a statement they must evaluate to get some evidence for that statement and then they can turn two cards to see what is on the other side of the card, but they can only turn two cards o Their job is to figure out what card to turn o If a card has a vowel on one side, then it must have an even number on the other side  EK74  This would be a kind of confirmation bias  The part that we should actually look for is E and 7 because they can provide us with disconfirming evidence

Answer 59

 Tendency to ignore the form of an argument and focus instead on prior knowledge  Deny the antecedent or affirm the consequent * If a student attends UK then they live in Kentucky o A common mistake is people will flip the then with a if o Flip the if with the then

Answer 60

tendency to revery the elements in an "if-then" statement and then evaluating the evidence against the reversed conditional

Answer 61

Tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion

Answer 62

o The process of reasoning from the particular to the general  Data:  PSY 215 covers a lot of material  Data:  Students tend to retake PSY 216  Data:  Final grades in PSY 312 are low  Conclusion:  psychology classes are difficult

Answer 63

People have a tendency to look for evidence consistent with their hypothesis

Answer 64

extension of inductive reasoning

Answer 65

Informal "rule of thumb" method for solving problems which is faster and more manageable but that does not guarantee to solve the problem correctly

Answer 66

 The frequency or probability of some event based on how easily examples or instances can be recalled  We remember the ones we changed and got wrong more than the ones we changed and got right

Answer 67

 100 people are in a room, 70 of them lawyers and 30 of them engineers, you selected Jack * Jack is a 45 year old man, he is married and has 4 children, he is generally conservative, careful, and ambitious. He shows no interest in political and social issues and spends most of his free time on his many hobbies, which includes home carpentry, sailing, and mathematical problems. o What is the likelihood that Jack is an engineer? o People normally say that Jack is very likely to be an engineer  This is odd because probability states that he is more likely to be a lawyer o Jack is a 30 year old man, he is married with no children. A man of high ability and high m * This is a failure to consider base rates (the true possibility of something to occur)

Answer 68

How often a certain event tends to occur

Answer 69

Looks at the whole person and not just their mental health needs to provide support

Answer 70

Focusing on an individual aspect of the person to identify a problem and not the whole

Answer 71

Groupings of concepts that are formed naturally through our shared experience often based on direct observation with objects

Answer 72

mental groupings we create for human-made objects, based on their function, design, and intended use

Answer 73

provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes. Often, the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled)

Answer 74

reach a specific conclusion based on general premises that are assumed to be true

Answer 75

conclusion is drawn from two or more premises (major and minor premise)

Answer 76

conclusions are drawn based on "if-then" statements

Answer 77

draw a general conclusion based on specific observations or experiences

Answer 78

rational individual should choose the option with the highest "expected utility" when faced with uncertain outcomes

Answer 79

people tend to feel the pain of a loss much more intensely than the pleasure of an equivalent gain

Answer 80

people tend to value an item they own significantly higher than they would if they did not own it

Answer 81

how the human brain perceives the world around us, and how it organizes information into patterns and configurations

Answer 82

mental process of identifying, analyzing, and finding solutions to problems across various situations

Answer 83

set of step-by-step procedures that are used to solve problems or make decisions

Answer 84

mental shortcuts that the brain uses to make decisions and solve problems

Answer 85

problem-solving method that involves trying different techniques and strategies to find a solution

Answer 86

one identifies the difference between their current state and a desired end goal, then breaks down the problem into smaller steps ("means") to gradually reduce that gap and reach the desired outcome

Answer 87

Insight: deep, useful understanding of the nature of something, especially a difficult problem

Answer 88

Tendency to become used to a single approach or way of thinking about a problem, making it difficult to recognize or generate alternative approaches

Answer 89

someone is unable to think of alternative uses for an object beyond its typical, intended function

Answer 90

helps people understand unfamiliar or abstract ideas by relating them to something they already know

Answer 91

Uses psychological principles to account for why people do not always make optimal or rational decisions

Answer 92

* Because one should expect that there would be a symmetry between how we feel in these 2 situations since the amount we lose or gain is the same

Answer 93

A lit candle mounted on a corkboard wall that does not drip wax on table

Answer 94

Use the box to create a shelf that is then attached to the corkboard with the tacks so the lit candle can rest on it

Answer 95

one free and one bound morpheme

Answer 96

a language feature that is true of all language users