Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is step 1 in sensation?
receive physical stimulation and encode it into the nervous system
This is sensation
What is sensation?
getting all the information out there in the environment and bringing and translating it into a way your brain could understand it
What is step 2 in sensation?
organize incoming information
This is perception
What is step 3?
reception of physical stimulation and encoding of it into the nervous system
This is perception
What is the exact definition of sensation?
reception of physical stimulation and encoding of it into the nervous system
What are the elements of vision?
Structure: eye
Stimulus: light waves
Receptor: rods and cones, cones need a lot of light to function and allow us to find light and define details
What are the elements of hearing?
Structure: ear
Stimulus: sound waves
Receptor: hair cells
What are the elements of taste?
Structure: tongue
Stimulus: chemicals
Receptor: taste buds
What are the elements of smell?
Structure: nose
Stimulus: chemicals
receptor: olfactory hair cells
What are the elements of touch?
Structure: skin
Stimulus: pressure
Receptor: nerve cells
What is the definition of perception?
Interpreting and understanding sensory information (high-order cognition)
What is bottom-up processing?
Pattern recognition is initiated by the parts of the pattern that, when summed, lead to the recognition of the whole pattern
What is top-down processing?
Recognition of the whole leads to recognition of the components
Previous knowledge to help you recognize stimulus
What is the global precedence effect?
perceive global features over local features
Letters into other letter
What is connectedness?
Group together elements if they are connected to other elements
Element lines and the ballerinas
What is synchrony?
group together elements that occur at the same time
cats looking around
What is the principle of common region?
Groups together elements that belong to a designated area or region
dots in the two boxes and the signs
What is the principle of common fate?
Group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed
moving dots
What is the principle of closure?
fill gaps to create a complete, whole object
Triangles and panda
What is the principle of good continuation?
Perceive lines as flowing naturally in a singular direction
rectangle and oval
What is the principle of similarity?
Similar objects are to be grouped together
triangle dots, soccer player
What is the principle of proximity?
Objects near one another to be grouped together
Geese, straight lines
What is the figure-ground principle?
segregate visual scenes into a background and a figure that appears to be superimposed against that background
What is subliminal stimulus?
so weak or brief that although it is received by the senses, it cannot be perceived consciously
What is the absolute threshold?
amount of intensity a certain stimulus has to have for you to notice it
What is authorship processing?
attribute events to the entities that are thought to have caused them
What is an example of a mistake in authorship processing?
Oujia boards
What is the definition of consciousness?
Awareness of internal events and stimuli in the environment
What is an example of disconnections between awareness and behavior?
Mistakes in authorship processing
Blindsight
Subliminal processing
What is blindsight?
Pattern resulting from brain damage in which the person seems unable to see in part of his or her field of vision but can often correctly respond to visual inputs when needed
What is the McGurk effect?
an auditory-visual illusion that occurs when the brain perceives a third sound that is a blend of two different sounds that are presented simultaneously
What is synesthesia?
a neurological phenomenon that causes people to experience multiple senses simultaneously
What is the ventriloquist effect?
an auditory illusion that occurs when the brain misperceives the source of a sound based on visual information (EX: puppet)
What is the rubber hand illusion?
the sight of brushing of a rubber hand at the same time as brushing of the person’s own hidden hand is sufficient to produce a feeling of ownership of the fake hand
