Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 310 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is encoding?

A

Creating a sort of code so that we can store the information later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is storage?

A

The process of storing memories for later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is retrieval ?

A

Getting information out of your memory when it is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’s study?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Frederic Bartlett think about memory studies?

A

That studies of memory should use familiar material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Frederic Bartlett use for his studies?

A

Used folk stories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were Bartletts major findings?

A

People would remember the overall theme of the story but they would normally omit specific details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is gist information?

A

Basic ideas or main points of a piece of discourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is verbatim information?

A

exact wording

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Ebbinghaus discover in regard to list length?

A

Longer the list the more repetitions he had to do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Ebbinghaus discover in regard to savings?

A

rapid mastery of material that has been previously learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Ebbinghaus discover in regard to overlearning?

A

additional study of already mastered material improves performance in delayed test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is phonological store?

A

the passive sire component of the phonological loop that holds onto verbal information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an articulatory loop?

A

the part of the phonological loop involved in the active refreshing of information in the phonological store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the visual spatial sketch pad?

A

subsystem responsible for the storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the evidence for the visual spatial sketch pad?

A

mental rotation tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are mental rotation tasks?

A

the findings that people take longer to make their judgements as the angular rotation increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an episodic buffer?

A

the portion of working memory whereby information from different modalities and source s are bound together to form new episodic memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do episodic buffers organize?

A

information from the phonological and visuo-spatial subsystems with information from across the subsystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is central executive?

A

mechanism responsible for accessing the attentional needs to the different subsystems and furnishing attentional resources to those systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the problems with Baddeley’s memory model?

A

Forgetting, episodic buffer, central executive, and competitive relation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the phonological loop responsible for?

A

recycling information through rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two state models?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the embedded process view?

A

immediate memory represents the momentary and temporary activation of information in long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who did the embedded process view?

A

Cowan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who did the 3 state model?

A

Oberaurer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the three states in the three state model?

A

activated portion of long term memory

region of direct access

focus of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is decay?

A

Information that we don’t use that fades over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is very hard to demonstrate in regard to memory/

A

decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is interference?

A

the thing that we forget that has not really disappeared from our head

information currently being processed is negatively influenced by the presentation of other information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the model of interference given to us in class?

A

Old information –> new information (Proactive Interference)

Old information <– New Information (Retroactive Interference)
o P comes before in the Alphabet (to remember the order)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the displacement view?

A

the new item “bumps” out a previously stored item

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the overwriting view?

A

the new item overrides a previously stored item

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the thing according to unitary views?

A

items in immediate memory blur into one another and become hard to separate during retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is mind watering?

A

a situation in which a persons attention and thought wander from the primary task to some other line of thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are examples of mind wandering

A

Past events

Future plans
15-50% in mind wandering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is executive attention?

A

the process whereby we strategically control our attention in response to situational demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is executive control?

A

mechanism that sets goals and priorities, choose strategies, and controls the sequence of cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Can you practice multitasking to enhance executive function?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What must you do to enhance executive functioning?

A

you must give your executive function a break when you use it to much as it gets tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are good methods to enhance executive function ?

A

exposure to nature and mindfulness meditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

long term memory knowledge that can be retrieved and then reflected on consciously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

-Events we have experienced

-Memory for personally experienced events
-Recollective experience at retrieval
-Vulnerable to forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does episodic memory often include?

A

affective (emotional) components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are semantic memories?

A

Knowledge or information about the world that does not include contextual elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Is there recollective experience at retrieval for semantic memories?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Is there an event for semantic memories?

A

No, but they are memories for knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why are we more likely to forget semantic memories?

A

because we have a lot more semantic memories than episodic memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What type of memory is resistant to forgetting?

A

Semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Is there an affective (emotional) component for semantic memories?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are procedural memories?

A

Nonconscious form of memory, such as priming and the learning of skills and habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are explicit memory tests?

A

Tests require that the person consciously recollect some specific event from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is free recall?

A

Recall what you remember

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is cued recall?

A

tests that give you some hints to remember information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is recognition?

A

even though you are having to remember things you just have to go with familiarity not from scratch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the three parts of explicit memory tests?

A

free recall
cued recall
recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are implicit memory tests?

A

successful performance does not depend on conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a word fragment completion task?

A

we present participants with a list of words then you ask them to go do something else, then you go there and give them a word completion task (series of words that are missing letters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What normally happens in a word fragment completion task?

A

the word is able to be completed in more than one way

61
Q

What is the word stem completion task?

A

has to finish the end of the word

62
Q

What is priming?

A

using stimuli to help someone recognize or process other stimuli in the future

63
Q

What are the elements of the implicit memory tests?

A

Word fragment completion tasks

Word stem completion tasks

Priming

64
Q

What are retrospective memory tests?

A

Memory test that involves remembering information from the past

65
Q

What are prospective memory tests?

A

Memory test that involves remembering to perform an action in the future

66
Q

What are basic processes in long term memory?>

A

Factors that influence encoding in long-term memory

67
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

the advantage of distributed repetitions over massed repetitions

68
Q

What is massed practice?

A

rehearsal occurs in one long session

69
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

rehearsal is spread out across multiple, shorter occasions

70
Q

What is the type of rehearsal important for?

A

determining whether or not information is stored in long-term memory

71
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal>

A

a rote, mechanical process in which items are continually cycled through working memory merely by being repeated over and over

72
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal

A

the formation of links between material to be remembered and information already in memory

73
Q

What are the levels of processing?

A

information receives some amount of mental processing, information that is processed to a deep level will be better remembered than information processed to a shallow level

74
Q

Who did the levels of processing?

A

Craik and Lockhart in 1972

75
Q

what is the self-reference effect?

A

the finding that memory is better for information that you relate to yourself in someway

76
Q

What were the details in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

brought participants to a lab and presented them with a list of objectives that could be attributed to people, there were 40 objectives they showed participants

77
Q

What was condition 1 (structural condition) in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

they had to say whether the word was in big letters or not in big letters

78
Q

what was the manipulation in condition 1 of the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

adjective was either presented in the same size type as the question or twice as large

79
Q

What was condition 2 (phonemic) in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

rhymes with another word

80
Q

What was the manipulation in condition 2 of the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

XXXX was a word that either rhymed or did not rhyme with the adjective

81
Q

What was condition 3 (semantic) in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

means the same as YYYY

82
Q

what was the manipulation for condition 3 in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

YYYY was either a synonym or unrelated word to the presented adjective

83
Q

What was condition 4 (self-reference) in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

deeper level (describes you)

84
Q

What was the manipulation of condition 4 in the study done by Rogers, Kuiper and Kicker?

A

subjects simply responded yes or no to Indicate the self-reference quality of the presented adjective

85
Q

What is survival processing?

A

if people bring a survival perspective to bear on what they are learning, it can improve performance

86
Q

what was the study done by Nairne, Thompson, and Pandeirada

A
  • List of 30 words

-Stranded in grasslands of a foreign land and you will need to find things to survive and rank how relevant for the survival situation it would be

-Survival condition, moving condition, classic condition

  • Moving Condition: processing at a deep level
  • Classic condition: shallow processing
87
Q

What is organization?

A

the tendency to impose some form of grouping or clustering on information being stored in or retrieved from memory

88
Q

what is distinctiveness?

A

the hypothesis that the more distinctive the item, the easier it is to recall

89
Q

What is the von restorff effect?

A

if one item in a set is different from the others than it will be more likely to be recalled

90
Q

What was the study done by Bousfield?

A

60 words participants were presented with

names of animals, personal names, names of vegetables, or professions (all mixed up)

91
Q

What is the enactment effect?

A

the finding of improved memory for participant-performed tasks, relative to those that are not acted out

92
Q

What is the generation effect?

A

the finding that information someone generates or creates is better remembered than information read or heard

93
Q

What was the study done by Slamecka and Graf

A

 One group re-group was just given the pair of words, the generate group was given a pair of words to remember but one of the words they were given was incomplete and they had to generate it
 Remembered less than the people that had to generate the words cause they had to generate the words before memorizing them

94
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

according to this view, no encoding task is inherently better than another, memory is no good to the extent that encoding processes are appropriate for the retrieval taskWhat

95
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

the finding that testing oneself produces far better memory than simply reading and re-reading material

96
Q

What with the testing affect did Roediger and Karpike do:

A

 SSSS –> study study study study
 STTT –> Study test test test

97
Q

what is autobiographical memory?

A

memory of specific, personal experiences that comprise a person’s life story

98
Q

what are autobiographical episodes>

A

part of the system that includes mental representations of past events

99
Q

What is autobiographical knowledge?

A

the general knowledge we have about our own life and self

100
Q

What is childhood amnesia (infantile amnesia)?

A

inability to recall events from one’s life that occurred before the ages of 3 or 4

101
Q

Is childhood amnesia limited to episodic memory?

A

yes

102
Q

what is the time frame with childhood amnesia for the ages in developing memories?

A

o Before age 4: few or no memories
o Ages 5-7: steadily increase in memories
o After Age 7: steady increase in memories

103
Q

What are the encoding problems associated with childhood amnesia?

A

o Immaturity of the developing brain
o Lack of sophisticated language ability
o No established sense of self
o No consciousness about the past
o Inability to bind components of an event into a meaningful whole

104
Q

What are the retrieval problems with childhood amnesia?

A

– Memories that we encoded in a non-symbolic way cannot be retrieved after language develops
– Mismatch between the sense of self at early age and later on

105
Q

What is the encoding component with childhood amnesia>

A

poor quality of component

106
Q

what is the retrieval component of childhood amnesia?

A

children forget information quickly compared to adults

107
Q

What are the complementary process views of childhood amnesia?

A

encoding and retrieval

108
Q

can early autobiographical memories be retrieved and what is the catch?

A

yes, but not many are available for retrieval

109
Q

what is the reminiscence bump ?

A

superior memory that would otherwise be expected for life events between the ages of 15 and 25

110
Q

what is the cognitive account?

A

many events experienced during this period are very distinctive (e.g. first time)

111
Q

what is the cognitive abilities account?

A

events at this period are well encoded because cognitive abilities are at their peak

112
Q

what is the identity formation account

A

events at this period help define our personal identity making them salient and important

113
Q

what is the life script account?

A

a “shared” schema about important life events guides the retrieval of life events

114
Q

what is the life story account?

A

events are remembered because they represent important life changes and transitions

115
Q

what is forgetting .

A

there is a standard forgetting curve after the reminiscence bump

116
Q

what are the accounts of forgetting?

A

lack of rehearsal
interference
routine events that don’t stand out

117
Q

what are involuntary autobiographical memories?

A

come unbidden, often on response to some environmental cue (e.g. odor)

118
Q

What do involuntary autobiographical memories often involve?

A

remembering a specific event

119
Q

what is self-function?

A

help us maintain a sense of who we are, even in the face of a changing sense of self

120
Q

what is social function?

A

allow us to emotionally connect with others

121
Q

what is directive function

A

personal recollections can serve as life lessons, helping to direct our lives

122
Q

what are flashbulb memories

A

memories of extraordinary clarity, typically for some highly emotional event that is retained despite the passage of many years

123
Q

is there usually a strong emotional component with flashbulb memories?

A

yes

124
Q

is there a lot of debate that flashbulb memories are different from other episodic memories?

A

yes

125
Q

are flashbulb memories open to reconstruction (error)?

A

yes

126
Q

What is the elements of the chart involving involuntary?

A

tend to be for specific events

specific events : rapid retrieval (1 to 2 seconds)

127
Q

What are the elements in the voluntary side of the chart?

A

tend to be for general evetns

general events: slow retrieval (10 seconds)

128
Q

what are the similarities between voluntary and involuntary?

A

process seems to be the same

process is reconstructive in nature

129
Q

what is different between voluntary and involuntary?

A

the way reconstruction happens seems to be different

130
Q

what is the context dependency effect?

A

phenomenon that memories are easier to recall when the retrieval context is the same as the original learning context

131
Q

what is state dependent learning?

A

information is best recalled when the subject is in the same mental and physical state as when they originally learned it

132
Q

what is the word length effect?

A

working memory span is negatively related to the length of encoded items

133
Q

what is the phonological similarity effect?

A

memory is poorer when people need to remember a set of words that are phonologically similar, compared to a set of words that are phonologically dissimilar

134
Q

what is the articulatory suppression effect?

A

people have poorer memory for a set of words if they are asked to say something while trying to remember the words

135
Q

what is the irrelevant speech effect?

A

recall of a list of items is impaired by the presence of irrelevant background speechw

136
Q

what is the modal model?

A

the model of memory and how we process the world around us

includes a short-term memory and a long-term memory and provides details on how information is encoded and later retrieved from memory

137
Q

what is sensory input?

A

taking in and processing information through the five senses of sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing, as well as other senses like balance, movement, and body awareness

138
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

short-term storage of information from the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell

139
Q

what is short term memory?

A

ability to temporarily retain information for a short period of time, usually a few seconds to 30 seconds

140
Q

what is long term memory?

A

ability to store and retrieve information over a long period of time

141
Q

what is the phonological loop?

A

part of working memory that stores and processes auditory and verbal

142
Q

what is the function of the phonological loop?

A

hold verbal information for a short time so it can be converted into long-term memory

143
Q

what is phonological store?

A

holds words that are heard in sound form

144
Q

what is articulatory store?

A

Allows words to be repeated in a loop. This process uses inner speech, or offline speech planning processes, to maintain the information.

145
Q

what is the importance of the phonological loop?

A

thought to be important for learning language, especially in children.

146
Q

what is baddeley’s memory model?

A

a multi-component model that describes how humans temporarily store and manipulate information

147
Q

what are limits in duration?

A

how long a memory can be held before it’s forgotten

148
Q

what are limits in capacity?

A

constraints in our ability to maintain and process information held in the short term that affect long-term understanding and retention

149
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’s study?

A

Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, tested his own memory by learning lists of nonsense syllables and then recording how well he could recall them over time. He used the scientific method, keeping careful notes of his observations and data.

PSY 310 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions