chapter 1

Question 1

What is cognition?

Answer 1

collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, solving problems, and thinking and understanding

Question 2

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 2

science of mental processes

Question 3

what is cognitive psychology concerned with?

Answer 3

not only what we are thinking, but why and how we are thinking

Question 4

What is psychology?

Answer 4

How the mind and its processes work

Question 5

What are mental processes?

Answer 5

the things going on inside your head that you can’t see that react to the world around you

Question 6

What are the principle research areas of cognitive psychology? (12)

Answer 6

thinking and concept formation
human and AI
cognitive neuroscience
sensation and preparation
Pattern recognition
attention
consciousness
memory
representation of knowledge
imagery
language
cognitive development

Question 7

What can cognitive psychology teach us?

Answer 7

-influence other areas of psych
-dev psych: how cog abilities change
-neuro: how cog processes occur in brain
-I/O: problem solving applied to workplace
-clinical: disordered thinking (OCD, PTSD)

Question 8

What are some careers in cognitive psychology?

Answer 8

universities, private sector, government and private research centers, treatment centers, consulting (law, etc)

Question 9

What is psychophysics?

Answer 9

studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and out subjective experience of them

Question 10

What is the difference between psychophysicists and psychologists?

Answer 10

Physicists focus on initial stages of information processing

psychologists focus on all stages of information processing

Question 11

Who is the father of psychology?

Answer 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 12

What is structuralism?

Answer 12

trying to figure out the basic structure of the mind

Question 13

What did the first psychology study look at?

Answer 13

what are the most basic processes that the mind can engage in (atoms of the mind)

Question 14

What did Edward Titchener do>

Answer 14

popularized structuralism in the US

Question 15

What are the basic elements of consciousness?

Answer 15

sensations, feelings, images

Question 16

What is introspection?

Answer 16

Self-observation, relate experience and transform it into words

Question 17

What is the con of introspection?

Answer 17

even if people say they are experiencing something there is no way to make sure that they are actually feeling that

Question 18

What is functionalism?

Answer 18

concentrate on the how, and the functions of the mind instead of the structure

Question 19

What did William James do ?

Answer 19

emphasis on mental processing rather than mental structure

Question 20

What did behaviorists believe?

Answer 20

we should be studying behavior

Question 21

What did behaviorism say?

Answer 21

can’t study mental processes we can’t see (study of behavior)

Question 22

What is methodological behaviorism

Answer 22

processes occurring inside the organism are not accessible

Question 23

What did BF Skinner say?

Answer 23

we shouldn’t doubt the existence of mental processes, but it is something that we do not know how to study right now

Question 24

What is radical behaviorism?

Answer 24

private events could be studies and eventually the descriptions of private events become necessary

Question 25

What is BF skinner known for?

Answer 25

Skinner box and operant conditioning

Question 26

What did Skinner study?

Answer 26

children, rats, and cockroaches

Question 27

What did skinner emphasize?

Answer 27

studying observable responses and their relation relation to observable stimuli Form a relationship between a stimulus and response

Question 28

What did Ebbinghaus do when he didn't have enough participants for his study?

Answer 28

He used himself instead

Question 29

What did Ebbinghaus investigate?

Answer 29

how much information we can keep in our memory

Question 30

What was Ebbinghaus's experiment?

Answer 30

Long list of words and tried to memorize them by systematically repeating them Kept track of how long the lists are, and how many times he has to repeat the list to memorize it

Question 31

How did Ebbinghaus memorize things?

Answer 31

developed little tricks to help him remember but then realized that they were not giving him an actual measure of how much memory can hold

Question 32

What was a trick that Ebbinghaus used in order to memorize the words?

Answer 32

Nonsense syllables which are just like combinations of three letters making sure that they don't make any sense you know so something like BIQI know that doesn't mean anything right so now he memorizes lists of nonsense syllables

Question 33

What did Ebbinghaus find out from his experiments?

Answer 33

the size of the lists makes a difference and the more repetitions you have to make

Question 34

What would happen when Ebbinghaus went back to rememorizes words?

Answer 34

The second time through he needed to repeat the words less times before he remembered them

Question 35

What did Ebbinghaus try to determine ?

Answer 35

The forgetting curve info retained and time

Question 36

When does most forgetting occur?

Answer 36

20 minutes after you learn it very little forgetting as time progresses outside of the initial rapid forgetting

Question 37

What was Bartlett trying to figure out?

Answer 37

what people do when they don't remember something

Question 38

What is reconstruction?

Answer 38

(Bartlett) filling in the blanks and how we reconstruct these memories when we have pieces missing

Question 39

What was Schemata ?

Answer 39

(Bartlett) structures that we use to organize knowledge, representation of the outside world using schemes

Question 40

What does Gestalt mean?

Answer 40

Whole, configuration, form

Question 41

What did Gestalt psychologists believe?

Answer 41

we have a tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Question 42

What was the failure of behaviorism?

Answer 42

Learning without responding, learning without reinforcement, problems for the S-R accounts

Question 43

What is a cognitive maps?

Answer 43

animal should learn their environment through mapping

Question 44

What was communications engineering?

Answer 44

communication systems can serve as a model for how humans process information

Question 45

What was computer science?

Answer 45

computers can be seen as handling information the same way humans do

Question 46

What was the cognitive revolution?

Answer 46

Failure of behaviorism Symposium on information theory AI RAND conference Information theory and the computer metaphor Linguistics-- Noam Chomsky New technologies

Question 47

What were key notes from the video?

Answer 47

We cannot study the mental world directly, must understand mental to understand behavior

Question 48

What was the information processing model? (computer metaphor)

Answer 48

information is processed through a series of stages, each of which performs unique operations

Question 49

What does each stage in the computer metaphor do?

Answer 49

receives information from preceding stages and passes the transformed input along to the other stages for further processing

Question 50

What is connectionism?

Answer 50

Uses the brain as a basis for modeling cognitive processes Complex cognitive functions can be understood in term of the network of links among the units

Question 51

What are the models of connectionism?

Answer 51

Parallel distributed processing