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Biology > Final Exam Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18 > Flashcards

Final Exam Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cloning

A

Began with study of bacteria and bacteriophage

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2
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

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3
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

1980’s, first constructed by Paul Berg, molecule that has DNA from both sources

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4
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Molecular scissors for DNA, use same enzyme on DNA vector and plasmid

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5
Q

Vector

A

Inserted into Plasmid

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6
Q

Hind III

A

Restriction Enzyme, produces sticky ends so vector can join plasmid tightly

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7
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular DNA from bacteria, carries foreign DNA into a host bacterial cell and replicates

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8
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has foreign DNA spliced in it. If replicated, foreign DNA is cloned

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9
Q

Measurement of DNA

A

Weight in KB = Kilobases 1KB= 1000 kilobases

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10
Q

Genome

A

Total DNA in a cell

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11
Q

DNA Probing

A

Homologous to part of sequence of interest, segment of single stranded DNA that can hyberdize

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12
Q

Hyberdize

A

Attach by base pairing to complementary base sequences in target DNA

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13
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A

developed by Kary Mullis in 1985, Replicating DNA outside your body using machine

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14
Q

Studying Genes

A
  1. Silence genes 1 at a time

2. Target genes “gene targetting”, produce knockout organism

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15
Q

Orthologous genes

A

Homologous genes found in different species inherited from same ancestor.

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16
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

Put foreign genes into plant or animals

ex. Genetically Modified Food

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17
Q

Chromosomes 1 and 21

A

1 should be the largest, 21 should be the smallest

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18
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Majority of human DNA has noncoding sequences, don’t know their function

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19
Q

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

A

Used during paternity test, determine how close individuals are genetically

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20
Q

Comparative Genomics

A

Compare genomes of different species

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21
Q

Metagenomics

A

Used to analyze communities of microorganisms instead of individual organisms

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22
Q

Polyploidy

A

Abnormalities in Chromosome. Multiple sets of chromosomes. Common in plants, rare in humans. Due to failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

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23
Q

Aneuploidies

A

either 1 extra or 1 less chromosome, failure of chromosomes to separate at anaphase.
Trisomy and Monomy are aneuploidies.

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24
Q

Sex Aneuploidies

A

Less severe than autosomal.
XO female can survive
OY male will not survive
XYY very aggressive male

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25
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY, male more feminine, produce little to no sperm, have breasts

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26
Q

Turners Syndrome

A

XO, underdeveloped female

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27
Q

XYY

A

Very developed male, lots of acne, criminal tendencies.

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28
Q

Inversion

A

Orientation of chromosome is reversed

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29
Q

Deletion

A

Loss of part of chromosome- Cri du chat

Baby sounds like kitten meowing when cries

30
Q

Translocation

A

Fragment breaks off and attaches somewhere else. (ex. Down Syndrome)

31
Q

Fragile Site

A

Place where chromatid appears to be attached by a thin thread to rest of chromosome.

32
Q

Martin Bell Syndrome

A

Fragile X syndrome, person suffers from mental retardation. More common in females.

33
Q

Phenileketonuria

A

Common in people of Western Europe descent, autosomal recessive, defect of amino acid metabolism

34
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Autosomal recessive, common in African Americans, 1 in 500. Red blood cells are deformed, hemoglobin mutated. Valine replaced glutamic acid, caused mutation. Hemoglobin molecules stick to each other, can’t get malaria.

35
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal Recessive, children of European decent, 1 in 2500, body secretes more mucous which can block airways. Antibiotics, physical therapy.

36
Q

Tay Sachs

A

Common Jews of European Descent. Autosomal recessive, causes blindness, mental retardation, symptoms between 1-2 years old. Enzymes don’t break down lipids, lipids accumulate in brain.

37
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

Autosomal Dominant, affects nervous system, personality changes, spasm in muscles, and death. Gene, repetition of CAG three times.

38
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Disease of royalty, only happens in male descendants of Queen Victoria, sex linked, absence of blood clotting protein factor VIII (8), continue to bleed.

39
Q

Zygote

A

After 5-6 days of cell division, have about 100 cells. Can harvest stem cells. 100 cells=blastocyte, not totipotent, called pluripotent

40
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can’t form placenta

41
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Development of form

42
Q

Totipotent Cells

A

Potential to give rise to all parts of an organism, like stem cells, indifferentiated cells

43
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Cell specialization

44
Q

Stem Cells

A
  1. Adult Stem Cells (from mom and umbilical cord)
    From children
  2. Embryos
    Zygote- blastomere/blastocyte about 100 cells
45
Q

Evolution

A

Accumulation of genetic changes within a population over time over many years

46
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of 1 species

47
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior, all capable of interbreeding.

48
Q

Minor Evolution

A

Microevolution, over a few generations

49
Q

Major Evolution

A

Over long time, species formation

50
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using microorganisms to clean up hazardous waste sites

51
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322 B.C., developed scale of nature, categorized animals from small to big. Saw all organisms were imperfect but moving towards being perfect

52
Q

Leonardo Davinci

A

1452-1519, one of few people to invent and take part in many things, interested in fossils, thought earth couldn’t be one year old.

53
Q

Fossils

A

Remains preserved of something that died, river waves, Wooly Mammoths 25,000 years ago, microbes can not be preserved, nothing hard in it’s body

54
Q

Darwin

A

Developed idea of natural selection, influences Charles Lyell

55
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Thought earth had to be over 5,000 years old

56
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Pick and choose genes, observed by Darwin, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts

57
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

1766-1834, made Darwin think of natural selection, populations increase geometrically 1-2-4-8-16 Food Sources increase arithmatically 1-2-3-4-5 Population exceeds food supply- famine, disease

58
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolutionary modification that improves chances of survival and reproductive success. Better adapted, survive and become parents of next generation.

59
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

1823-1913, came to same conclusions as Darwin on his own.

60
Q

Darwins Evolution

A

Based on 4 things
Variation- Color, size, and population
Overproduction- More produced, more variation
Limits on Population Growth- Disease, predators, unfavorable weather
Differential Reproductive Success- Best characteristics survive, worst characteristics do not

61
Q

Darwins Problem

A

Characteristics are passed on through genes. Genes not known by Darwin.

62
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

Explain how genes act and how characteristics pass from parent to offspring, explained that mutations change in DNA, nucleotide sequence

63
Q

Fossilization Requirements

A

Hard parts, quick burial, buried environment where there is no oxygen, have to have a rock like a sedimentary rock.

64
Q

Determining Age of Fossils

A

Use Index Fossil- know it’s age and find it in many parts, quickly buried, short time.
Use Radio Isotopes- elements that emit radiation, uses element half life.
Use layers of stratification

65
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of past and present geographic distribution of organisms.

66
Q

Alfred Wagner

A

Continental Drift, Pangea, broke into 7 continents, 180 million years ago, 7 large plates float on mantel. Formed in Permian Period.

67
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures from same ancestor

68
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Species with similar features but did not descend from a common ancestor (ex.Anteaters+Ardvarks)
Result in homoplastic (not homologous) (ex.Features in insects and birds)

69
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Parts of organs that seem nonfunctional or degenerate (ex.Hind legs in whales) More than 100 in human body (ex. 3rd molars, tailbone, muscles to move ears)

70
Q

Half Lives

A 
I-132 = 2.4 hours
U-235 = 704 million years
K-40 = 1.3 billion years
C-14 = 5730 years, becomes N-14 after half life

Biology (5 decks)

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