Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Biology Exam Chapter 9,10,11,12,13 > Flashcards

Biology Exam Chapter 9,10,11,12,13 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material, negatively charged, made of amino acids.

Deoxyribo

Nucleic

Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nucleotide

A

Made of a Base (A=T, G=C), Sugar (Deoxyribo), Phosphate Group (Phosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Form when chromatin comes together, cell divides, 23 pairs, 46 chromosomes total.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatin

A

Loose fibers made of DNA + histone, not dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Histone

A

Protein, DNA wraps around, histone keeps it compacted, positively charged for attraction of DNA made of phosphates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA + Histone

A

Nucleosomes (beads), 146 base pairs of DNA + 8 histone molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Scaffolding Proteins

A

Nonhistone proteins that help maintain the chcromosome structure, found in Chromatin, hold fibers so they can come together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell Cycle

A

When the cell prepares to divide and is growing. Where cell spends most of it’s life. Also called Interphase.

G1 - Longest phase, most time spent here, cell grows.

S - End of G, enzymes act on cell, cell replicated DNA.

G2 - Shortest phase; cell becomes ready to divide.

M - Mitosis, Where nuclear division happens, nucleus divides, two cells produced at end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

p27

A

Phosphorylate p27, inhibits cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

p53

A

Blocks Cell Cycle if DNA is damaged. Mutation of p53 can lead to cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CdKs

A

Protein kinases, bind to cyclins, when they bind they activate or inhibit other enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear Division in somatic cells (ex. skin) yield two daughter cells, identical. 4 phases.

Prophase - See chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, mitotic spindles/ microtubules begin to form, begin to separate chromosomes.

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in metaphase plate or equatorial plate.

Anaphase - Chromosomes separate on both poles of cell. Sister chromatids separate.

Telophase - Final phase, see chromosomes at the poles, nuclear envelope forms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Forms cleavage furrow in animal cells.

Forms cell plate in plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction, 2 cells identical to parent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polyploid

A

More than 2 sets of chromosomes, plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Meiosis

A

2 succesive nuclear cytoplasmic divisions, only in sex cells, Meiosis I —►Meiosis II, each one goes through 4 phases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Synapse

A

Chiasma where chromosomes combine to exchange DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of Sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of an egg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic material or info from parents to offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pea Plant

A

Scientific Name: Pisum Sativum

Mendel used this for experiments.

Many characteristics to modify.

Easy to grow.

Can self pollinate. (anthers- sperm, ovari- eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cross Pollination

A

Remove pollen from one plant and give it to carpel of another plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Genotype
Genetic makeup.
26
Phenotype
Physical characteristics "appearance".
27
Gregor Mendel
Studied 7 characteristics in Pea Plant. - Seed Color -Pod Color - Flower Color -Seed Shape - Flower Position -Stem Length - Pod Shape
28
True Breed
Can only breed what you see.
29
Allele
Alternative form of a gene.
30
Dominant
Appears in phenotype.
31
Recessive
Masked by dominant.
32
Genes
Units of heredity.
33
Principles of Segregation
Before sexual reproduction occurs, the two alleles of the individuals must become segregated.
34
Mendels Statements
- Traits passed on to offspring unmodified. - Every individual has two sets of alleles. One from your mom and one from your dad. - Traits hidden in one generation can reappear in the next.
35
Locus
Position on the chromosome, exact position of gene.
36
Product Rule
Probability of two independent events occuring together can be calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event occuring separate.
37
Linked Genes
Inherited together
38
Sex Linked Diseases
Diseases associated with X chromosome. Mom gives to son. Depends on X chromosome.
39
Hemizygous
1 X copy, more sensitive to X linked diseases, in Men.
40
Codominance
Both genes dominant.
41
Pleotropy
Ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. (ex. Cystic Fibrosis from gene + Diabetis)
42
Epistasis
Type of gene interaction in which the presence of certain alleles prevents or masks the expression of alleles on a different site.
43
Rosalind Franklin
First person to make an X-Ray image of DNA.
44
Watson + Crick
Proposed double helix structure idea of DNA.
45
Nucleotide
Monomer of DNA, nucleotides are made of sugar, phosphate, and bases.
46
Codon
Sequence of 3 bases, translated into a protein, (ex. GAC, TAG...)
47
Bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine... A always compliments T, G always compliments C. - Pyramidines= CYtosine and ThYmine - Purines= Adenine and Guanine
48
Chargaff
1949 determined relationship between Purines to Pyramidines and A=T, G=C. Ratio of these not far from 1.
49
Chargaffs Rule
Number of Adenine = number of Thymine. Number of Guanine = number of Cytosine. purines = # pyramidines
50
DNA Replication
Called semi-conservative replication, means when DNA splits to make new DNA 1 original strand remains part of new DNA. Hapens in nucleus, forms a messenger RNA which becomes DNA.
51
DNA Helicase
An enzyme that separates 2 strands of DNA, 6 sided enzyme. Unwinds strands. Area where helicase starts acting is called replication fork. Each strand will act as a template for new complimentary strand.
52
SSB's
Tetromeres, single stranded binding protein. Coat 2 individual strands to prevent the DNA from reannealing (coming together) to form double stranded DNA.
53
RNA Polymerase
Or Primase. Adds complimentary from 51- 31 synthesizes short DNA primers to direct DNA polymerase, give it a starting point.
54
DNA Polymerase
Accesory protein calles "sliding clamp" which holds DNA polymerase to a strand.
55
RNaseH
Removes RNA primers so DNA can fill in.
56
DNA Ligase
Joins the short stretches of DNA together to create 1 continuous DNA strand.
57
Lagging Strand
Strand made of bits and pieces.
58
Leading Strand
Completed Strand
59
Okazaki Fragments
Chunks on lagging strand.
60
Replication
Leads into messenger RNA which will go out of nucleus and into cytoplasm and targets ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.
61
Ribosomes
Have 2 subunits, small and large. Small subunit attaches to RNA. In Large unit. P site - peptidyl site E site - exit A site - aminoacyl site
62
Start Codon
Methonine = AUG, translating begins where start codon is located and moved 51- 31 direction. Starts and once it gets anit codon it moves out from Subunit P.
63
Transfer RNA
Comes in and has anti codon = UAC
64
RNA Codon
Complimentary to mRNA.
65
Initiation
Start with Start Codon = Methonine = AUG
66
Elongation
P site and A site alternate.
67
Termination
End with stop codon.
68
Molecular Chaperones
Associated proteins with ribosomes, from 3D shape of protein. Fold polypeptide chain into it's 3D shape.
69
Codon
Made of 3 consecutive bases.
70
Amino Acids
We have 20 amino acids. 10 essential from food. 10 nonessential from body. - 1 amino acid can have many codons. (ex. Amino Acid Proline- CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG \<— all for 1 amino acid. - 1 Codon each (ex. Methionine amino acid and Tryptophane amino acid)
71
Mutations
Can be passed on to generations. Silent Mutation- Base pair substitution but there is no affect. Nonsense Mutation- Base pair mutation, converts amino acid to stop codon. Most serious Mutation.
72
Transposon
- Mutation caused by DNA sequence that jumps into the middle of your gene. - Jumping genes, mobile genetic elements. - Inactivate other codons - Discovered by Barbara McClintock in 1950, 1983 Nobel Prize winner.
73
Mutigen
- Reason or cause for mutation (ex. Radiation, UV light, X-Ray, Infrared) - Carcinogenic, cause cancer.

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions