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Biology > Biology Exam Chapter 9,10,11,12,13 > Flashcards

Biology Exam Chapter 9,10,11,12,13 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material, negatively charged, made of amino acids.

Deoxyribo

Nucleic

Acid

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

Made of a Base (A=T, G=C), Sugar (Deoxyribo), Phosphate Group (Phosphate)

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Form when chromatin comes together, cell divides, 23 pairs, 46 chromosomes total.

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Loose fibers made of DNA + histone, not dividing

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5
Q

Histone

A

Protein, DNA wraps around, histone keeps it compacted, positively charged for attraction of DNA made of phosphates.

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6
Q

DNA + Histone

A

Nucleosomes (beads), 146 base pairs of DNA + 8 histone molecules.

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7
Q

Scaffolding Proteins

A

Nonhistone proteins that help maintain the chcromosome structure, found in Chromatin, hold fibers so they can come together.

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8
Q

Cell Cycle

A

When the cell prepares to divide and is growing. Where cell spends most of it’s life. Also called Interphase.

G1 - Longest phase, most time spent here, cell grows.

S - End of G, enzymes act on cell, cell replicated DNA.

G2 - Shortest phase; cell becomes ready to divide.

M - Mitosis, Where nuclear division happens, nucleus divides, two cells produced at end.

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9
Q

p27

A

Phosphorylate p27, inhibits cell cycle.

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10
Q

p53

A

Blocks Cell Cycle if DNA is damaged. Mutation of p53 can lead to cancer.

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11
Q

CdKs

A

Protein kinases, bind to cyclins, when they bind they activate or inhibit other enzymes.

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear Division in somatic cells (ex. skin) yield two daughter cells, identical. 4 phases.

Prophase - See chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, mitotic spindles/ microtubules begin to form, begin to separate chromosomes.

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in metaphase plate or equatorial plate.

Anaphase - Chromosomes separate on both poles of cell. Sister chromatids separate.

Telophase - Final phase, see chromosomes at the poles, nuclear envelope forms.

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Forms cleavage furrow in animal cells.

Forms cell plate in plant cells.

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

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15
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction, 2 cells identical to parent.

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16
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes.

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17
Q

Polyploid

A

More than 2 sets of chromosomes, plants.

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

2 succesive nuclear cytoplasmic divisions, only in sex cells, Meiosis I —►Meiosis II, each one goes through 4 phases.

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Chiasma where chromosomes combine to exchange DNA.

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20
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of Sperm.

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21
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of an egg.

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22
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic material or info from parents to offspring.

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23
Q

Pea Plant

A

Scientific Name: Pisum Sativum

Mendel used this for experiments.

Many characteristics to modify.

Easy to grow.

Can self pollinate. (anthers- sperm, ovari- eggs)

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24
Q

Cross Pollination

A

Remove pollen from one plant and give it to carpel of another plant.

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25
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup.

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26
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics “appearance”.

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27
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Studied 7 characteristics in Pea Plant.

  • Seed Color -Pod Color
  • Flower Color -Seed Shape
  • Flower Position -Stem Length
  • Pod Shape
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28
Q

True Breed

A

Can only breed what you see.

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29
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene.

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30
Q

Dominant

A

Appears in phenotype.

31
Q

Recessive

A

Masked by dominant.

32
Q

Genes

A

Units of heredity.

33
Q

Principles of Segregation

A

Before sexual reproduction occurs, the two alleles of the individuals must become segregated.

34
Q

Mendels Statements

A
  • Traits passed on to offspring unmodified.
  • Every individual has two sets of alleles. One from your mom and one from your dad.
  • Traits hidden in one generation can reappear in the next.
35
Q

Locus

A

Position on the chromosome, exact position of gene.

36
Q

Product Rule

A

Probability of two independent events occuring together can be calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event occuring separate.

37
Q

Linked Genes

A

Inherited together

38
Q

Sex Linked Diseases

A

Diseases associated with X chromosome.

Mom gives to son. Depends on X chromosome.

39
Q

Hemizygous

A

1 X copy, more sensitive to X linked diseases, in Men.

40
Q

Codominance

A

Both genes dominant.

41
Q

Pleotropy

A

Ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. (ex. Cystic Fibrosis from gene + Diabetis)

42
Q

Epistasis

A

Type of gene interaction in which the presence of certain alleles prevents or masks the expression of alleles on a different site.

43
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

First person to make an X-Ray image of DNA.

44
Q

Watson + Crick

A

Proposed double helix structure idea of DNA.

45
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer of DNA, nucleotides are made of sugar, phosphate, and bases.

46
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 bases, translated into a protein, (ex. GAC, TAG…)

47
Q

Bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine… A always compliments T, G always compliments C.

  • Pyramidines= CYtosine and ThYmine
  • Purines= Adenine and Guanine
48
Q

Chargaff

A

1949 determined relationship between Purines to Pyramidines and A=T, G=C. Ratio of these not far from 1.

49
Q

Chargaffs Rule

A

Number of Adenine = number of Thymine. Number of Guanine = number of Cytosine.

purines = # pyramidines

50
Q

DNA Replication

A

Called semi-conservative replication, means when DNA splits to make new DNA 1 original strand remains part of new DNA.

Hapens in nucleus, forms a messenger RNA which becomes DNA.

51
Q

DNA Helicase

A

An enzyme that separates 2 strands of DNA, 6 sided enzyme. Unwinds strands.

Area where helicase starts acting is called replication fork.

Each strand will act as a template for new complimentary strand.

52
Q

SSB’s

A

Tetromeres, single stranded binding protein.

Coat 2 individual strands to prevent the DNA from reannealing (coming together) to form double stranded DNA.

53
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Or Primase. Adds complimentary from 51- 31 synthesizes short DNA primers to direct DNA polymerase, give it a starting point.

54
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Accesory protein calles “sliding clamp” which holds DNA polymerase to a strand.

55
Q

RNaseH

A

Removes RNA primers so DNA can fill in.

56
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Joins the short stretches of DNA together to create 1 continuous DNA strand.

57
Q

Lagging Strand

A

Strand made of bits and pieces.

58
Q

Leading Strand

A

Completed Strand

59
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Chunks on lagging strand.

60
Q

Replication

A

Leads into messenger RNA which will go out of nucleus and into cytoplasm and targets ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.

61
Q

Ribosomes

A

Have 2 subunits, small and large. Small subunit attaches to RNA.

In Large unit.

P site - peptidyl site

E site - exit

A site - aminoacyl site

62
Q

Start Codon

A

Methonine = AUG, translating begins where start codon is located and moved 51- 31 direction.

Starts and once it gets anit codon it moves out from Subunit P.

63
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Comes in and has anti codon = UAC

64
Q

RNA Codon

A

Complimentary to mRNA.

65
Q

Initiation

A

Start with Start Codon = Methonine = AUG

66
Q

Elongation

A

P site and A site alternate.

67
Q

Termination

A

End with stop codon.

68
Q

Molecular Chaperones

A

Associated proteins with ribosomes, from 3D shape of protein.

Fold polypeptide chain into it’s 3D shape.

69
Q

Codon

A

Made of 3 consecutive bases.

70
Q

Amino Acids

A

We have 20 amino acids. 10 essential from food. 10 nonessential from body.

  • 1 amino acid can have many codons.
    (ex. Amino Acid Proline- CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG <— all for 1 amino acid.
  • 1 Codon each (ex. Methionine amino acid and Tryptophane amino acid)
71
Q

Mutations

A

Can be passed on to generations.

Silent Mutation- Base pair substitution but there is no affect.

Nonsense Mutation- Base pair mutation, converts amino acid to stop codon. Most serious Mutation.

72
Q

Transposon

A
  • Mutation caused by DNA sequence that jumps into the middle of your gene.
  • Jumping genes, mobile genetic elements.
  • Inactivate other codons
  • Discovered by Barbara McClintock in 1950, 1983 Nobel Prize winner.
73
Q

Mutigen

A
  • Reason or cause for mutation (ex. Radiation, UV light, X-Ray, Infrared)
  • Carcinogenic, cause cancer.

Biology (5 decks)

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