Biology Exam Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
0
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum of all chemical activities of an organism.
1
Q
Development
A
All changes that take place during an organisms life.
2
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining a stable or balanced internal environment
3
Q
Ecology
A
Study of how organisms relate to one another and their environment
4
Q
Meiosis
A
Cell division of sex cells
5
Q
Bioremediation
A
Using organisms to break up waste
6
Q
Systematics
A
Field of Biology where you study the diversity of organisms and how they evolve together
7
Q
Taxonomy
A
Classifying and naming organisms
8
Q
Carolus Linnaeus
A
Swedish botanist, created binomial system of naming organisms (species)
9
Q
Taxon
A
Formal grouping
10
Q
Species
A
Group of organisms that have similar structure, behavior, and function
11
Q
Genus
A
Closely related species
12
Q
Gene Pool
A
All genes present in a population
13
Q
3 Domains
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
14
Q
Clade
A
Having a common ancestor
15
Q
6 Kingdoms
A
Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protists
16
Q
Carl Woese
A
Decided it was best to group animals and such by mRNA
17
Q
Protists
A
Unicellular, simple, aquatic organisms
18
Q
Paradigm
A
Set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about something
19
Q
Paradigm Shift
A
Switching the way people think due to new information or discovery
20
Q
Trace Elements
A
Elements in small amounts in your body necessary for life
21
Q
Atom
A
Smallest particle of an element, electrically neutral
22
Q
Atomic Number
A
Number of Protons in an atomic nucleus
23
Q
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
A
Mass of one proton or neutron
24
Atomic Mass
Approximately how much matter an atom contains
25
Isotopes
Different forums of elements, same number of protons, different number of neutrons
26
Half life
Amount of time for isotope to break down into half it's amount or lose half it's activity
27
Autoradiograph
Instrument to detect radio waves
28
Molecule
Bond between two or more of the same elements
29
Compound
Two or more atoms that are different that are linked together
30
Orbitals
Energy level is higher farther from nucleus
31
Mole
Amount of an element or compound whose mass in grams is equivalent to its atomic or molecular mass
32
Ionic Bonds
Two atoms where the bond is formed by a transfer of electrons from 1 atom to another
33
Nonpolar
Two atoms forming a bond that share electrons equally
34
Polar
Two atoms forming a bond that does not share electrons equally
35
Electronegativity
Affinity to attract electrons
36
Hydrogen Bond
Weak attraction found In DNA
37
Redox Reaction
Oxidation Reduction
37
Redox Reaction
Oxidation Reduction
38
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
38
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
39
Reduction
Gain of electrons
39
Reduction
Gain of electrons
43
Oxidizing Agent
Atom that accepts electrons
44
Reducing Agent
Atom that loses electrons
45
Cohesion
When water molecules stick together. (Water moves through plants)
46
Adhesion
Water sticks to other objects (How water gets things wet)
47
Heat
Total amount of Kinetic energy in a sample of a substance
48
Temperature
Measure of average kinetic energy of particles
49
Heat of Vaporoization
Amount of heat required to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to vapor (unit is calories)
50
Calorie
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
51
Monomer
Simplest unit of a molecule
52
Polymer
Made up of many monomers
53
Condensation Reaction
Building, anabolic process, produces water (dehydration)
54
Hydrolysis
Breaking down using H2O (hydration)
55
Isomers
Compounds with same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently.
56
Chitin
Skeleton walls of fungi and insects
57
Glycoproteins
Act as markers found on surface of cells
58
Glycolipids
Act as markers found on surface of cells
59
Saturated Fats
Contain maximum amount of hydrogen atoms
60
Unsaturated Fats
Not fully saturated with Hydrogen (H2) atoms
*Bile from liver emulsifiers (breaks down into smaller pieces) fat
61
Glycine
Simplest amino acid
62
Dipolar
Charges are different on each end
63
Domain
Structured area that has a certain function
64
Enzymes
Proteins that break down polymers (complex substances) into monomers (simple molecules)
65
Denaturation
When you cause structure of a protein to change
*heat, chemicals, pH change
66
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
1939, all plants and animals made of cells
67
Cell Theory
Cells are basic units of organization and function in all organisms, all cells come from other cells
68
Magnification
Ratio of size of image seen with microscope compared to actual size
69
Resolution
Capacity to distinguish fine details, minimum distance between two points at which they can both be seen separately and not as a blurred single line
70
Dark Field
Uses contrast, light is directed from the side, and only light scattered by specimen enters lenses
71
Fluorescence Microscope
Uses fluorescent stain on specimen
72
Confocal Microscope
Sharper image than fluorescent, computerized, laser scanning microscope, see image in sections and computer puts them together
73
Transmission Electron Microscope
More detail about internal structures, image focused on fluorescent screen
74
Chromatin
Exists before cell divides
75
Scanning Electron Microscope
More information on external structures and shape, Image focused on television screen
76
Chromosomes
Created when Chromatin comes together
77
Ribosomes
Made out of proteins, make polypeptides, make proteins
78
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No Ribosomes, make lipids (found In liver)
79
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has Ribosomes, make proteins
80
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins, packages proteins
* cisterneae- flattened sacks (shape)
* In plants- produces polysaccharides for cell wall
81
Lysosomes
Have enzymes, that breakdown bacteria and organic material, very acidic pH
*Lysosomal Storage Disease- genetic, when an enzyme is missing and enzymes break down things in your body (Tay Sachs)
82
Perixosomes
Enzymes that breakdown inorganic substances, fatty acids, perform oxidation (found in liver/kidney)
83
Vacuole
More in plant cells, stores water, holds food, contains enzymes, as water increases so does vacuole which increases cell size, turgor pressure helps keep cell wall in shape
84
Mitochondria
Produce energy in animal cells in from of ATP, have their own DNA, double membrane
85
Chloroplasts
Perform photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
86
Plasma Membrane
Bilateral that consists of polar heads and no polar tails (selective permeability)
87
Cytoskeleton
Made of 3 parts, keeps shape of cell, provide mechanical strength.
88
Microfilamemts
Actin filaments, generate movement, creates false foot (pseudo pods)
89
Microtubules
Hollow rods made out of Tubulin (protein), form a dimer, Cillia and Flagella are microtubules.
90
Intermediate Filaments
Cause mechanical strength of cell. Not all animal cells have Intermediate Filaments. Failure to make Intermediate filaments leads to (ALS, Lou Gherig Disease)
