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Biology > Biology Exam Chapter 5-6 > Flashcards

Biology Exam Chapter 5-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Are carrier proteins, ABC proteins, or channel proteins.

  • Move ions, amino acids, and sugars through phospholipid bilayer
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1
Q

Cholera

A
  • Cholera activates G proteins in intestines
  • Causes i to always be activated
  • Continually produce secondary messenger
  • Chlorine eners intestines and brings in water
  • Causes diarrhea
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2
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Associated with the surface of a bilayer, not embedded in bilayer, located on inner/outter surface of the Plasma Membrane (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

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2
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • Junctions in plants
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3
Q

Rodopsin

A
  • Receptor in eye
  • Activated by light
  • When light falls on this receptor you can see things that are dim
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5
Q

Fluid Mosaid Model

A

Membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which a variety of proteins are embedded

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6
Q

Tight

A
  • Found in intestines, no space between cell membranes, nothing can pass through
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6
Q

Scaffold Proteins

A
  • Proteins that position enzymes close to the proteins they are regulating
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7
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
  • (Down Gradient)
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8
Q

ABC Proteins

A
  • ATP Binding Cassettes
  • Use energy to transport sugars
  • 48 ABC proteins
  • If mutated or missing you can get a disease like Cystic Fibrosis
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9
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Vesicle fuses into plasma membrane and is released into the cell
  • Receptor mediated, most common pathway in eukaryotes to take in macromolecules
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9
Q

Reception

A
  • Every receptor receives a specific signal for each cell
  • Insulin to Insulin receptor
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9
Q

RAS

A
  • Proteins activated through tyrosine kinase receptors
  • Cell division, apoptosis, cell movement

RAS genes give RAS proteins

Mutation in genes leads to problems with proteins

-1/3 cancer mutation in RAS genes

Mutation in RAS genes may lead to cancer

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10
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • Cell just brings in water
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10
Q

Anchoring

A
  • Demosomes and adhering
  • Desmosomes- form sheet between two to hold cells together, things can go in and out easier
  • Adhering- cells are cemented to each other, type on microfilaments
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10
Q

Cell Signaling

A
  • One cell releases signaling molecule
  • Target cell receives signaling molecule (usually not close)
  • Target cell has a receptor
  • Signaling molecule binds to receptor, can not enter directly, receptors can be inside plasma membrane
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12
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • Specific transport protein
  • Makes the membrane permeable to a solute
  • How you breath, channel carrier proteins use this, uses active transport
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13
Q

Turgor Pressure

A
  • When water fills the cells by osmosis
  • Cell swells
  • Starts putting pressure on cell walls
  • Pressure builds until a steady state is reached and then the cell can no longer be stretched (cell membrane)
  • Cell bursts
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14
Q

Down Regulate

A
  • Decreases receptors “Down Regulating”
  • Takes a receptor out
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14
Q

Tyrosine Kinase

A
  • Works specifically on tyrosine (amino acid) ATP-1P
  • Receptors inside the cell
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15
Q

Signaling

A
  • Molecule called ligant, one binded to receptor
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16
Q

Gap

A
  • Made of protein called connexin
  • Used in cardiac muscles so cells can communicate to each other
  • Not used for leaking or trading of substances
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17
Q

Ion Channel Receptors

A
  • Ion released into cell through channel
19
Q

Concentration Gradient

A
  • Or Voltage Gradient
  • Down gradient, high to low (More to Less)
  • Up gradient, low to high (Less to More)
21
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Vesicle fuses to plasma membrane and releases it outside the cell
  • Hormones
22
Q

Enzyme Linked Receptors

A
  • have binding site outside of the cell
  • Needs phosphorylation
  • Receptros located inside the cell
23
Q

Calcium

A
  • Important secondary messenger
  • Produced in large quantities
  • Made inside the cell to send messages or signals inside the cell
  • Ex. cAMP
  • Comes from endoplasmic reticulum, when it is open/releases calcium
  • Binds to calmodulin (another protein), activates enzymes and kinases
24
Q

Amplify Signal

A
  • Increases signal by increasing receptors
  • Secondary messengers
26
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Embedded in the bilayer, firmly bound to the membrane, ampipathic

27
Q

Kinases

A
  • Enzymes that transfer phosphate from ATP to substrate which is what the enzyme acts on
28
Q

Aquaporins

A
  • Transmembrane porins
  • Facilitate rapid transfer of H2O through plasma membrane (Kidneys) (Channel Proteins)
  • Not a Carrier Protein
28
Q

Cell Junctions

A
  • Develop between two or more cells that are close enough to each other to transport things or prevent things from one to another
29
Q

Phosphorylation

A
  • Add phosphate group
  • Activates and amplifies signal
30
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Requires energy (ATP)
32
Q

Neuro Transmitter

A
  • Signals sent between neruons
  • Chemical that is released
  • Has receptors on next neuron
  • Control Contractions of muscles
32
Q

Receptor

A
  • Is a macromolecule
  • Protein

3 Parts

  • Dock (1st Domain) - Where signaling molecule connects
  • 2nd Domain - In plasma membrane
  • 3rd Domain - In cytoplasm, called the tail of the receptor
34
Q

Ligand

A
  • Molecule that specifically binds to a receptor
35
Q

Intra Cellular Receptors

A
  • Found in cytosol or nucleus of the cell
  • Also calles “transcription factors”
  • Regulate specific genes
36
Q

Hormone

A
  • Secreted by endocrine glands
  • Travels long distance
  • Ex. Insulin
37
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Are basically integral proteins

38
Q

Dephosphorylation

A
  • Removal of phosphate group by hydrolysis
40
Q

Up Regulate

A
  • Receptor “Up Regulation”
  • Increases receptors, adds one
  • Amplifies signal
42
Q

Ligand Macromolecule Complex

A
  • Ligand + Macromolecule
43
Q

Cryptochromes

A
  • Found in some plants and animals
44
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • Form pores
  • Close and open gates to allow molecules to pass
45
Q

Terminate Signal

A
  • Decrease receptors
  • Secondary messengers
46
Q

Phosphate

A
  • Enzyme that breaks down or removes phosphate
47
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of H2O only
  • H2O moves from high concentration to low concentration
48
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Transporters, when molecule binds to it , it chages shape to move that molecule across.

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • When a macrophage takes something in such as a worm
  • Or Cell wants to take in something
50
Q

Phytochromes

A
  • Found in algae
  • Cause algae to bloom
51
Q

Porins

A
  • Type of channel protein
  • “Make pores”
  • Allow various solutes or H2O to pass through membrane
53
Q

Regulator

A
  • Local
  • Act on cell that is nearby
  • Paracrine hormones
  • Ex. Histamine- causes inflammation
54
Q

GABA

A
  • Neurotransmitter
  • Usually inhibitory
  • Most important inhibitory in the body
  • Channels associated, Chlorine
  • Chlorine goes out or in depending on where there is more
55
Q

Signal Transduction

A
  • Something becomes inhibited or activated inside the cell
  • Signal becomes converted from an outside message to an inside message

Biology (5 decks)

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