Biology Exam Chapter 5-6 Flashcards
1
Q
Transport Proteins
A
Are carrier proteins, ABC proteins, or channel proteins.
- Move ions, amino acids, and sugars through phospholipid bilayer
1
Q
Cholera
A
- Cholera activates G proteins in intestines
- Causes i to always be activated
- Continually produce secondary messenger
- Chlorine eners intestines and brings in water
- Causes diarrhea
2
Q
Peripheral Proteins
A
Associated with the surface of a bilayer, not embedded in bilayer, located on inner/outter surface of the Plasma Membrane (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
2
Q
Plasmodesmata
A
- Junctions in plants
3
Q
Rodopsin
A
- Receptor in eye
- Activated by light
- When light falls on this receptor you can see things that are dim
5
Q
Fluid Mosaid Model
A
Membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which a variety of proteins are embedded
6
Q
Tight
A
- Found in intestines, no space between cell membranes, nothing can pass through
6
Q
Scaffold Proteins
A
- Proteins that position enzymes close to the proteins they are regulating
7
Q
Diffusion
A
- Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- (Down Gradient)
8
Q
ABC Proteins
A
- ATP Binding Cassettes
- Use energy to transport sugars
- 48 ABC proteins
- If mutated or missing you can get a disease like Cystic Fibrosis
9
Q
Endocytosis
A
- Vesicle fuses into plasma membrane and is released into the cell
- Receptor mediated, most common pathway in eukaryotes to take in macromolecules
9
Q
Reception
A
- Every receptor receives a specific signal for each cell
- Insulin to Insulin receptor
9
Q
RAS
A
- Proteins activated through tyrosine kinase receptors
- Cell division, apoptosis, cell movement
RAS genes give RAS proteins
Mutation in genes leads to problems with proteins
-1/3 cancer mutation in RAS genes
Mutation in RAS genes may lead to cancer
10
Q
Pinocytosis
A
- Cell just brings in water
10
Q
Anchoring
A
- Demosomes and adhering
- Desmosomes- form sheet between two to hold cells together, things can go in and out easier
- Adhering- cells are cemented to each other, type on microfilaments
10
Q
Cell Signaling
A
- One cell releases signaling molecule
- Target cell receives signaling molecule (usually not close)
- Target cell has a receptor
- Signaling molecule binds to receptor, can not enter directly, receptors can be inside plasma membrane
12
Q
Facilitated Diffusion
A
- Specific transport protein
- Makes the membrane permeable to a solute
- How you breath, channel carrier proteins use this, uses active transport
13
Q
Turgor Pressure
A
- When water fills the cells by osmosis
- Cell swells
- Starts putting pressure on cell walls
- Pressure builds until a steady state is reached and then the cell can no longer be stretched (cell membrane)
- Cell bursts
14
Q
Down Regulate
A
- Decreases receptors “Down Regulating”
- Takes a receptor out
14
Q
Tyrosine Kinase
A
- Works specifically on tyrosine (amino acid) ATP-1P
- Receptors inside the cell
15
Q
Signaling
A
- Molecule called ligant, one binded to receptor
16
Q
Gap
A
- Made of protein called connexin
- Used in cardiac muscles so cells can communicate to each other
- Not used for leaking or trading of substances
17
Q
Ion Channel Receptors
A
- Ion released into cell through channel
19
Q
Concentration Gradient
A
- Or Voltage Gradient
- Down gradient, high to low (More to Less)
- Up gradient, low to high (Less to More)
21
Exocytosis
* Vesicle fuses to plasma membrane and releases it outside the cell
* Hormones
22
Enzyme Linked Receptors
* have binding site outside of the cell
* Needs phosphorylation
* Receptros located inside the cell
23
Calcium
* Important secondary messenger
* Produced in large quantities
* Made inside the cell to send messages or signals inside the cell
* Ex. cAMP
* Comes from endoplasmic reticulum, when it is open/releases calcium
* Binds to calmodulin (another protein), activates enzymes and kinases
24
Amplify Signal
* Increases signal by increasing receptors
* Secondary messengers
26
Integral Proteins
Embedded in the bilayer, firmly bound to the membrane, ampipathic
27
Kinases
* Enzymes that transfer phosphate from ATP to substrate which is what the enzyme acts on
28
Aquaporins
* Transmembrane porins
* Facilitate rapid transfer of H2O through plasma membrane (Kidneys) (Channel Proteins)
* Not a Carrier Protein
28
Cell Junctions
* Develop between two or more cells that are close enough to each other to transport things or prevent things from one to another
29
Phosphorylation
* Add phosphate group
* Activates and amplifies signal
30
Active Transport
* Requires energy (ATP)
32
Neuro Transmitter
* Signals sent between neruons
* Chemical that is released
* Has receptors on next neuron
* Control Contractions of muscles
32
Receptor
* Is a macromolecule
* Protein
3 Parts
* Dock (1st Domain) - Where signaling molecule connects
* 2nd Domain - In plasma membrane
* 3rd Domain - In cytoplasm, called the tail of the receptor
34
Ligand
* Molecule that specifically binds to a receptor
35
Intra Cellular Receptors
* Found in cytosol or nucleus of the cell
* Also calles "transcription factors"
* Regulate specific genes
36
Hormone
* Secreted by endocrine glands
* Travels long distance
* Ex. Insulin
37
Transmembrane Proteins
Are basically integral proteins
38
Dephosphorylation
* Removal of phosphate group by hydrolysis
40
Up Regulate
* Receptor "Up Regulation"
* Increases receptors, adds one
* Amplifies signal
42
Ligand Macromolecule Complex
* Ligand + Macromolecule
43
Cryptochromes
* Found in some plants and animals
44
Channel Proteins
* Form pores
* Close and open gates to allow molecules to pass
45
Terminate Signal
* Decrease receptors
* Secondary messengers
46
Phosphate
* Enzyme that breaks down or removes phosphate
47
Osmosis
* Diffusion of H2O only
* H2O moves from high concentration to low concentration
48
Carrier Proteins
Transporters, when molecule binds to it , it chages shape to move that molecule across.
49
Phagocytosis
* When a macrophage takes something in such as a worm
* Or Cell wants to take in something
50
Phytochromes
* Found in algae
* Cause algae to bloom
51
Porins
* Type of channel protein
* "Make pores"
* Allow various solutes or H2O to pass through membrane
53
Regulator
* Local
* Act on cell that is nearby
* Paracrine hormones
* Ex. Histamine- causes inflammation
54
GABA
* Neurotransmitter
* Usually inhibitory
* Most important inhibitory in the body
* Channels associated, Chlorine
* Chlorine goes out or in depending on where there is more
55
Signal Transduction
* Something becomes inhibited or activated inside the cell
* Signal becomes converted from an outside message to an inside message
