FINAL EXAM (chapter 10)

Question 1

2 kinds of expectancy? (E and O)

Answer 1

efficacy - estimate of how likely it is that you can act in a specific way. “I have what it takes to do this”
outcome - estimate of how likely specific outcomes will follow once the person carries out that behaviour. “what I do will work”

Question 2

perceived control (action, self, control)

Answer 2

self -> (higher) efficacy expectations -> action -> (higher) outcome expectations -> control.

Question 3

what is self-efficacy? (2 things)

Answer 3

one’s judgement of how well one will cope with a situation given their:
A) skills
B) the circumstances
when demands of a situation (test us), our self-efficacy (assessment of how we’ll cope) determines how we’ll preform. if something goes wrong, your self-efficacy motivates you to respond accordingly.
BASICALLY: predicts coping and performance.

Question 4

self-efficacy effects on behaviour? (4 things)

Answer 4

A) we CHOOSE activities we feel capable of managing.
B) MORE EFFORT (persistence) aimed at overcoming setbacks.
C) TASK-FOCUSED to access plans in situational demands.
D) VISUALISE SUCCESS - optimisim

Question 5

what is mastery motivation? (MMO)

Answer 5

hardy and resilient. responds to failure by remaining:
A) task-orientated
B) focused on achieving mastery (in spite of setbacks)

Question 6

what is helpless motivation? (HMO)

Answer 6

fragile. responds to failure by:
A) giving up
B) acting as if the situation was out of one’s control when facing setbacks.

Question 7

when a task turns difficult, mastery/helpless motivation ______? (2 things)

Answer 7

mastery: seizes challenges, increases efforts. “the harder it is, the harder i need to try”
helpless: shy away from challenges, decreases their efforts. “i’m no good at this”

Question 8

what is learnt helplessness?

Answer 8

when someone expects that life’s outcomes are uncontrollable. they believe everything is beyond their control, they often withdraw and give-up.

Question 9

is helplessness learnt or inherit?

Answer 9

learnt.

Question 10

what is perceived control? (affected by 3 components)

Answer 10

A) contingency - relation between one’s behaviour and the environmental outcome.
B) cognition - personal beliefs are subjective, “interpretation or perception”. how controllable a person “thinks” these outcomes are.
C) behaviour - perceived control is affected by our coping behaviour.

Question 11

what happens in regards to someone who has learnt helplessness and depression?

Answer 11

depressed person thinks outcomes are uncontrollable. however people who are depressed are actually accurate judges of how much control they have over a situation.

Question 12

what is attribution theory? (bernard weiner)

Answer 12

mainly about achievement.

Question 13

what are the 3 parts in attribution theory? (bernard weiner)

Answer 13

A) loss of control - personal efforts vs task difficultly
B) stability - change over time or enduring knowledge
C) controllability - one can control effort vs one cannot control luck

Question 14

what is explanatory style? (2 kinds)

Answer 14

this reflects the way people explain the reasons why bad things (setbacks/failures) happen to them.
A) optimistic
B) pessimistic

Question 15

what is optimistic explanatory style?

Answer 15

we explain bad events with attributions that are unstable and controllable. no blame on yourself, room for change.

Question 16

what is pessimistic explanatory style?

Answer 16

we explain bad events with attributions that are stable and uncontrollable. a person places fault on themselves, no room for change in the future.