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Cultural Anthropology Fall 2022 > Final Exam (8,10,11,14) > Flashcards

Final Exam (8,10,11,14) Flashcards

1
Q

what is consanguineal?

A

It is the people related through blood

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2
Q

what is affinal?

A

It is the people related through marriage

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3
Q

What are the three kinship groups?

A

Nominal, effective and intimate/core

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4
Q

What are descent groups?

A

Membership in a group by lineal descent from a real/mythical ancestor. It is restricted by locality and choice but making sex the deciding factor

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5
Q

What is unilineal descent?

A

Patrilineal descent and organization has the dominance of men over women

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6
Q

What is patrilineal descent?

A

A person is connected to relatives of both sexes through the males line only

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7
Q

What is matrilineal descent?

A

A person connected to kin of both sexes related through females only

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8
Q

What is double descent?

A

A system tracing descent matrilineally for some purposes and patrilineallly for others

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9
Q

What is a ambilineal (choice)

A

System in which a person may choose the mother’s or father’s descent group to live with

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10
Q

What are the purpose of descent groups?

A

-Provides mutual aid to members
-Supports elderly and infirm
-Reposity of religious traditions
-Provides protection and security

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11
Q

What is lineage?

A

It is a corporate descent group whose members trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor. It can be patrilineal or matrilineal

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12
Q

What is a clan?

A

It is a non-corporate descent group whose members are from a common ancestor but they don’t know the genealogical links to those ancestor. Totemism

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13
Q

What is a moiety?

A

Descent group that makes up half of society

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14
Q

What is the order of the triangle that makes up the tribe?

A

1)Individuals
2) Families
3) Lineage
4) Clans
5) phratries
6) moieties
7) Tribe
Each increases by two individuals to make up the other

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15
Q

What is bilateral descent? (Kindred)

A

Both sides are equally important for emotional ties/for transfer of property/wealth

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16
Q

What is parallel cousins?

A

Cousins who are the children old mother’s sister or father’s brother

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17
Q

What is cross cousins?

A

Cousins who are the children of mother’s bother or father’s sister

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18
Q

What is Eskimo system? ( lineal)

A

Emphasizes relatives of nuclear family. This system found in societies with bilateral kindred and used by hunters and gatherers

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19
Q

What is Hawaiian system? (Generational)

A

Emphasizes relatives of the same sex and generation and associated with ambilineal descent

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20
Q

What is Iroquois system? (Bifurcate merging)

A

Associated with unilineal descent (can be patrilineal or matrilineal descent). Parallel cousins are classified as siblings (brother or sister)

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21
Q

What is crow system?

A

It is associated with matrilineal descent (same terms used for father’s daughter and sister)

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22
Q

What is Omaha system?

A

It is associated with patrilineal descent ( mother’s brother and son are the same)

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23
Q

What is Sudanese system? (Descriptive system)

A

All kindships are distinguished, no duplication meaning everybody has a differ description.

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24
Q

What is age group?

A

An organized class of people based on age. Entry into or out of age grades accomplished individually by biological distinction and social status

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25
Q

What is age set

A

A group of people born in the same time period. (Male Maasai passing from warrior age(adult) into elder age set are marked through ritual and given new privileges

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26
Q

what is social stratification?

A

A system whereby members of a society are ranked higher/lower relative to other members. The degrees of stratification are measured by wealth, power and prestige

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27
Q

What is wealth according to Max Weber in measuring social inequality?

A

One has accumulated economic resources (economic status)

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28
Q

What is power according to Max Weber in measuring social inequality

A

Ability to achieve one’s goals and objectives even against the will of others ( political status)

29
Q

What is prestige according to Max Weber in measuring social inequality

A

Social esteem, respect or admiration that a society confers on people (social status)

30
Q

What is egalitarian society? (Tribes and bands)

A

Valued positions as persons capable of filling them. There are no differences on wealth, power and prestige but differences on sex and age

31
Q

What is rank society? (Chiefdoms and monarchy)

A

Positions of prestige closed by birthright and anyone can achieve wealth and power- they are tasked with redistribution

32
Q

What is stratified society? (Class and caste)

A

Differences in wealth, power,and prestige among all members of society. Associated with occupational specialization

33
Q

The order of increase in populations

A

Bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States

34
Q

What is functionalist theory?

A

The inequality is needed to maintain complex society

35
Q

what is conflict theory?

A

A power struggle takes place between the upper and lower levels of society.

36
Q

What is a social class?

A

Class distinctions aren’t clear-cut in some societies, manifested in verbal evaluation, patterns of association and symbolic indicators.

37
Q

what is ascribed status?

A

Status that people are born into it

38
Q

What is achieved status?

A

The status that an individual earns

39
Q

What is a closed class society?

A

It is a fixed position by birth.
No social mobility along wealth, power and prestige
Associated with extended family organization

40
Q

What is open class societies?

A

There is social mobility along wealth, power and prestige.
Associated with independent nuclear families and neo-local residence

41
Q

What is a political organization?

A

Means human group uses to maintain social order and reduce social disorder.

42
Q

what are the four basic political systems?

A

Uncentralized:
1. Bands
2. Tribes
Centralized
3. Chiefdoms
4. States

43
Q

What is band organization?

A

A small group of related families in a region (hunters/gatherers). Not formal, centralized political system that has informal leadership

44
Q

What is tribal organization?

A

A group of communities in a region share ing a common culture and integrated by a unifying factor. This organization has higher population density than bands (horticulturalists and pastoralists) that has informal leadership and pan-tribal(non kin based) councils that resolve disputes.

45
Q

What is centralized political system?

A

Seen with population increases complex technology and where trad network and labour specialization produce goods. The political authority and power concentrated on one individual.

46
Q

What is Chiefdom (centralized)?

A

A regional polity under a ruler from a ranked hierarchy of people. It is usually unstable because of the redistribution system( surpluses goes to the chief)

47
Q

What is state system (centralized)?

A

Power centralized in a government that legalize the use of force. The tendency toward instability and transcience and usually multinational

48
Q

What is nation?

A

Communities of people who see themselves as one-person, share a common culture and territorial base

49
Q

What is bands and tribes? (Uncentralized)

A

No centralized authority and depends on gossip, criticism, and fear of supernatural forces

50
Q

Chiefdoms and states (centralized)?

A

Authority with power to regulate peoples’ actions

51
Q

What is internalized control—cultural control?

A

Control due to internalized beliefs and values.
Effective deterrents to antisocial behaviour.
Fear of deformity, disease, death, ghost/hell

52
Q

Externalizer control—social control

A

Open coercion( power as a physical force)

53
Q

What are sanctions?

A

Conformity to social norms
-formal sanctions (organized) = positive(rewards, awards) and negative (laws and rules)
-informal sanctions (diffuse)= positive( honourifics, tittles) and negative (gossip and ostracism)

54
Q

What is social control through law?

A

The definition of law is contentious9 the use of coercion) and laws are formal negative sanctions

55
Q

What are functions of law?

A

Defines relationship among society members and allocates the authority to use coercion in the enforcement of sanctions. The law also refines social relations and ensures social flexibility

56
Q

What is crime?

A

The distinction between crime (against society) and civil (between individuals )

57
Q

What are the settlement of disputes?

A

-Negotiation= between two
-Mediation= between two and a mediator
-Adjudication= independent judge decides

58
Q

What is the mechanism of change?

A

The ultimate source of all change is innovation

59
Q

What are the two types of innovations?

A

Primary innovations or inventions ( someone invent it)
Secondary innovations or deliberate applications (someone change a little from the primary innovations)

60
Q

What is innovations?

A

The factors of adaptation
-innovations result from cultural values and knowledge
-innovations may be incorporated in a culture
-must overcome old ways of doing it to invent something new

61
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spread of customs/practices between cultures
-inventory diffusion
-borrowed elements
-compatible
-undergo modification
-sometimes local traits get adapt

62
Q

What is cultural loss?

A

The change due to disappearance of a cultural trait

63
Q

What is acculturation (forced change)?

A

The major cultural changes forced through contact and merger/fusion

64
Q

What is the future of humanity?

A

Culture is a mechanism by which people solve their problem of existence
Cultures are for and against people
Anthropologists help see how parts fit together into a larger whole( holistic)
One world culture

65
Q

What is cultural pluralism?

A

More than one culture exists in society. Social and political interaction of people with different ways of living and thinking

66
Q

What is ethnic resurgence?

A

The cultural diversity remains widespread and resistence to modernization may take the form of fundamentalist reaction

67
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The major barrier to adaption and spread of cultural pluralism
Persistent inequalities
Increased in structural violence and migration and refugees in Canada

68
Q

What are the net result of Bolivia case study ?

A

-Hunger in villages die to re-development of crop fields lead to chronic food shortages
-Deformed coca past workers
-Increased venereal disease and AIDs
-Increased number of school dropouts= $$
-Increased drug addiction
this is all acculturation-forced change

Cultural Anthropology Fall 2022 (6 decks)

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