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Systemic Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where and how much CO2 is formed

A

1/3 from pyruvate and 2/3 from citric acid cycle

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2
Q

Why are those with diabetic ketoacidosis have very labored exaggerated breaths

A

they’re trying to get rid of as much CO2 as possible

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3
Q

Acidosis

A

pH is in normal range

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4
Q

Functions of the lung

A

provides O2 and releases CO2, communication, defends against microbes, influences arterial concentrations of chemical messengers, traps and dissolves clots

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5
Q

How do the lungs defend against microbes

A

ciliated lining and mucus found within the respiratory tract

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6
Q

How do the lungs influence arterial concentrations of chemical messengers

A

receiving some messengers from pulmonary capillary blood and producing and adding others to the blood, lung endothelial cells have angiotensin converting enzyme

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7
Q

How do the lungs trap and dissolve clots

A

increase the production of plasma through plasminogen activator found within lung capillary epithelial cells, plasma will lyse fibrin and dissolve clots

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8
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during relaxed, quiet breathing; 500ml

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9
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort; 3,000ml (TV +3L)

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10
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort; 1,200ml

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11
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration to keep alveoli inflated between breaths and mix fresh air on the next inspiration; 1,200ml

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12
Q

How are the lungs always inflated

A

the fluid between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura will cause them to stick together and keep the lungs inflated

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13
Q

Pleuritis

A

membranes of the lungs come in contact with each other leading to inflammation

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration; 4,700ml (TV+IRV+ERV)

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15
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration; 3,500ml (TV+IRV)

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16
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration; 2,400 ml (RV+ERV)

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17
Q

Total lung capacity

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can contain; 5,900ml (VC+RV)

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

funnels things to respiratory and digestive tract

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19
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Nasopharynx

A

right behind the nasal cavity

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21
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

right above the separation of respiratory and digestive tract

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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

cartilaginous flap of tissue that covers the glottis when we swallow

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23
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity, dome shaped skeletal muscle

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24
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts

A

it flattens and pulls the lungs in, naturally drawing air into the lungs due to change in pressure

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25
Q

What makes the trachea sturdy

A

c shaped cartilaginous rings, on the posterior end the cartilage is thin

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26
Q

Respiratory pathway from trachea to capillaries

A

trachea leads to the primary bronchi, then a right and left primary bronchus, the right primary bronchus separates into three secondary bronchi, the left primary bronchus separates into two secondary bronchi. secondary bronchi brand into tertiary bronchi and continually until they become so small in diameter they lead into alveolar ducts and eventually into alveolar sacs

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27
Q

What determines how many secondary bronchi the primary bronchi will split into

A

dependent on how many lobes of the lung there are

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28
Q

Cardiac notch

A

the heart will sit more to the left than the right in the heart and the apex of the heart will sit in the notch

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29
Q

Mediastinum

A

tissue in the middle where the esophagus and heart sits

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30
Q

Alveolus

A

bundle of alveoli forming a bundle shaped structure, also referred to as acinus in other tissues such as the pancreas, made of simple squamous epithelial tissue

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31
Q

What surrounds an alveoli

A

capillary net made of simple squamous epithelial cells and smooth muscle called bronchiole smooth muscles

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32
Q

Asthma

A

muscles constrict within in the bronchioles when they are not supposed to

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33
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, failure in expiration of air, air remains trapped in the lungs

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34
Q

Albuterol

A

act as agonists to beta 2 adrenergic receptors to act like epinephrine and relax bronchiole smooth muscles

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35
Q

How many alveoli per lung

A

350 million

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36
Q

What is the surface area of lung tissue is exposed to air when take in a maximum possible breath

A

size of a tennis court

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37
Q

Alveolar septum

A

connective tissue amongst the alveoli

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38
Q

Elastin

A

primary protein found within alveoli septum

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39
Q

What happens when you destroy alveolar walls

A

you destroy septal tissue leading to alveoli meshing together and losing surface area, found within COPD

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40
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of respiratory passage way, chronic mucus production and secretion, has to be present for 3 months out of the year for two consecutive years, can be caused by smoking

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41
Q

Primary emphysema

A

inherited form, deficiency in alpha-1-anti-tripsin whose job is to suppress activity of protease enzymes such as elastase

42
Q

Secondary emphysema

A

caused by smoking, supresses activity of protease enzymes such as elastase

43
Q

What causes alveoli becoming hyper inflated

A

air trapping (by asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema), the air just circles around the alveoli

44
Q

Recoil force in alveoli

A

happens when you let air out, the hydrogen bonds caused by cohesion and adhesion (surface tension) is a force that alveoli have to overcome in order to expand but also is the force that causes recoil causing the alveoli to “collapse”

45
Q

Surfactant

A

changes the surface tension of alveoli, equalizes it between such that the pressure will be the same between alveoli with different radii

46
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

surfactant isn’t being produced, occurs within premature infants, causes the alveoli to collapse

47
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells

A

make and produce surfactant

48
Q

When do type 2 alveolar cells start production

A

around 24-28 weeks of gestation

49
Q

When are levels of surfactant levels sufficient

A

around 28-30 weeks of gestation

50
Q

Surface tension of alveoli: law of laplace

A

P=(2T)/r; pressure = 2(surface tension of water)/radius; P will be large when radius is small

51
Q

Radius of alveoli during development and surfactant

A

alveoli can develop as a mix of different sizes, without surfactant the pressure would cause air to move from the alveoli with smaller radius to an alveoli with a larger radius leading to the collapse of the alveoli with a smaller radius

52
Q

Ventilation

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

53
Q

Bulk flow

A

something moving from high pressure to low pressure, bulk flow = change in pressure/resistance of tissue , resistance = recoil of alveolar tissue, blood pressure, ect.

54
Q

What happens after ventilation

A

there’s gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between air within the alveoli and blood through diffusion

55
Q

How does O2 move during diffusion

A

high to low concentration, from alveoli to the RBC

56
Q

How does CO2 move during diffusion

A

high to low, RBC to alveoli

57
Q

How does O2 and CO2 move through the circulatory system

A

bulk flow

58
Q

What happens during an inspiration

A

the external inner costal muscles will contract, ribs spread apart and the sternum is pushed forward, the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity will increase volume while the amount of air inside the lungs at that point is the same leading change in pressure and to bulk flow and ventilation occurs through a passive process

59
Q

Why is expiration mainly a passive process

A

change in pressure, elastic recoil of alveoli, no muscles are involved unles syou actively exhale

60
Q

What happens during expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles will contract moving the ribs closer pushing the sternum in, the abdominal muscles and oblique muscles push up on the diaphragm

61
Q

Boyle’s law

A

describes the changes of lung tissue, air moving from high to low concentration

62
Q

Pneumothorax

A

collapse of lung tissue, the lungs can still inflate but there’s a lot of elastic recoil that has to be overcome in order to take a breath in

63
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

there’s an opening made within the thoracic cavity along with the lung tissue, the hole acts as a one way valve for air coming in , inspiration can occur but exhalation will not

64
Q

What are the signs of tension pneumothorax on an x-ray

A

there’s a shift of mediastinum and heart and esophagus due to air building up in the thoracic cavity outside the lung tissue

65
Q

What nerves control inspiration and expiration

A

intercostal nerve supplies intercostal muscles and nephrenic nerve supplies the diaphragm, the nerves exit from the brain stem: medulla oblongata and pons, the pons will do a lot of control under normal controls automatically

66
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

due to the growth of tissue within respiratory pathway near the pharynx and larynx making it hard for the air to enter the trachea, treated by CPAP

67
Q

How much oxygen on average enters per minute

A

840ml

68
Q

How much oxygen on average exits per minute

A

590ml

69
Q

How much oxygen on average will diffuse from alveoli into capillary blood per minute

A

250ml

70
Q

How much oxygen on average is found within RBC and how much does it mix with and therefore how much oxygen is moved to the left side of the heart

A

750ml, 250ml, 1000ml

71
Q

“Deoxygenated” RBC

A

the 750ml of oxygen found in RBC that are considered “deoxygenated” means that they have less oxygen than oxygenated blood (about 3/4 less)

72
Q

How much CO2 on average will exit per minute

A

200ml

73
Q

How much CO2 on average is within the plasma of oxygenated blood in some form

A

2600 ml

74
Q

How much CO2 on average is found within “deoxygenated” blood

A

2800ml

75
Q

How will O2 be transported in the body

A

majority will bind to hemoglobin, through diffusion from RBC to capillaries of cells of the body

76
Q

Why would O2 dissociate from hemoglobin

A

to change pH, if the partial pressure of CO2 increases it interacts with water to yield hydrogen ions (CO2 is trapped) and lowers the pH therefore the need for more oxygen is needed

77
Q

CO2 + H20

A

CO2+H20 = Carbonate acid with the help of carbonic anhydrase will yield carbonic acid which dissociates to bicarbonate ion (CO-3) and hydrogen ion

78
Q

How does carbon dioxide move through the body

A

dissolved in plasma, binds to hemoglobin, as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

79
Q

CO2 affinity for hemoglobin

A

will not bind with the affinity of oxygen, binds to carbaminohemoglobin

80
Q

Chloride shift

A

bicarbonate will move from the plasma into RBC in exchange for chloride

81
Q

Which nerves detect low O2 levels and what do they detect

A

afferent nerve ending of vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal sends info to the brain stem, primarily the medulla oblongata which works with the pons, they detect the concentration of hydrogen ions within the extracellular fluid in the brain

82
Q

What happens when CO2 is trapped in the lungs and O2 won’t come in

A

there’s a decrease in partial pressure of oxygen and increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide

83
Q

What happens during hypoxia

A

chemoreceptors will increase firing rate within the afferent nerves, a reflex via the medullary respiratory neurons with the control center as the NOS, leads to an increase of ventilation

84
Q

Kussmaul inspirations

A

rapid and exaggerated breathing due to high firing rates of afferent rates found in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and plasma pH is very low

85
Q

Sources of hydrogen ions

A

from CO2 and water, generation of nonvolatile acids from things other than CO2, gain due to loss of bicarbonate acid in diarrhea or other non gastric GI fluids or in the urine

86
Q

Loss of hydrogen ions

A

utilization in metabolism of various organic anions, in vomitus, in urine, hyperventilation

87
Q

How do the lungs and kidneys maintain pH

A

lungs will control ventilation rate to keep or eliminate CO2, kidneys have a multitude of mechanisms

88
Q

What’s the balance of bicarbonate and carbonate acid the body wants to maintain

A

20:1

89
Q

What happens if you excrete bicarbonate through the kidneys

A

you retain hydrogen ions increasing the concentration in the plasma decreasing pH

90
Q

What happens if you reabsorb bicarbonate

A

you decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions in the plasma and pH increases

91
Q

What happens any time the kidneys actively contribute new bicarbonate to the plasma

A

hydrogen ions will be excreted

92
Q

How is bicarbonate filtered and reabsorbed and what happens after reabsorption

A

filtered through the glomerulus’s filtration slits, and reabsorbed primarily at the proximal convoluted tubules which then will lead through the ascending limb of the loop of henly and into the collecting duct

93
Q

How do you get rid of hydrogen ions from the epithelial cells into the lumen of the kidney tubule

A

hydrogen ATPase pump actively moving hydrogen ions, counter transport with sodium, hydrogen-potassium AtPase pump actively moving hydrogen ions out and reabsorbing potassium

94
Q

What happens when a hydrogen ion reacts with carbonate acid in the lumen

A

it can be converted back to water and CO2 leading to the excretion of water

95
Q

What happens when a hydrogen ion reacts with dibasic phosphate in the lumen

A

forms a monobasic phosphate which will be excreted

96
Q

How is glutamate transported from the lumen or blood into the epithelial cell

A

actively transported through secondary active transport with sodium

97
Q

What happens to glutamate in the epithelial cell

A

through a series of reactions it will dissociate into products including bicarbonate and ammonia

98
Q

What happens to ammonia as soon as it’s made

A

it will bind to hydrogen ion to form ammonium ion

99
Q

How does ammonium ion move into the lumen

A

through counter transport with sodium

100
Q

What happens to an ammonium ion in the lumen

A

it will be trapped there due to its charge and be excreted as the ammonium ion

Systemic Physiology (5 decks)

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