Exam 2 Flashcards
Declarative memory
facts, events, places; made possible by hippocampus
Procedural memory
aka non-declarative memory, how to do motor actions
Association cortex
short term memories from the hippocampus go here after about a month
Cerebrum lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Hippocampus
temporal lobe structure, found in medial temporal lobe, has connections with other regions of the brain that hold visual and auditory information, crucial for declarative memory, name derived from sea horse’s genus name
Limbic system structures
sit above the brainstem and between other cerebral structures, memory and emotion
How to keep a group of neurons active for a longer period of time? Is this excitotoxicity?
cell should keep action potential depolarization longer by modifying voltage gated potassium channels so that they are harder to open. Not excitotoxicity because it’s only sustained for a very small amount of time
Short term memory vs long term memory when keeping nerurons active for a longer period of time
working memory requires changes in proteins that are already present; long term memory requires the synthesis of new proteins (ie/ long term potentiation)
membrane channels and learning and memory
either channels are blocked or channels are opened for a longer period of time
Configural learning system
all sense information comes to the hippocampus and then the hippocampus will determine if it will be remembered or not
Entohinal cortex
corticol area which receives sensory information, it will then send it to the configural learning center, associated with the hippocampus but not a part of it, has large cell bodies referred to as pyramidal cells
Perforant path
axons from the entorhinal cortex that synapse onto the dentate gyrus
Dentate gyrus
a part of the hippocampus, looks like a row of teeth or a bite mark, cells are referred to as granule cells due to very small cell bodies
CA1,2,3,4
CA stands for Cornu Ammonius, cells curl around like a ram’s horn, other regions of the hippocampus
Mossy fibers
axons from the dentate gyrus that will synapse on CA3
Schaffer collaterals
axons from CA3 that will synapse with CA1
CA3
sends information to septurm and mammillary bodies, primary output region
Mammillary bodies
a part of the hypothalamus, associated with the hippocampus, damage to the mammilary body cells and hippocampus can be seen with chronic alcoholism and stroke
CA1
communicates with the hippocampus on the other side of the brain
Lomo and Bliss experiment
used rabbit brains to stimulate the performant path and measure the activity of cells in the dentate gyrus
Lomo and Bliss experiment results
low frequency stimulation will lead to low activity in the dentate gyrus (some action potentials, doesn’t depolarize membrane sufficiently), high frequency stimulation of path leads to high activity in dentate gyrus (many action potentials, leads to threshold for which LTP can occur), high frequency of the path wait for a while (1hr, 2hr, 1wk, 1month) and come back with low frequency leads to high activity in the dentate gyrus
Long term potentiation (LTP)
model for change in connection between neurons in the brain, how memories are formed
Which neurons in the brain undergo LTP
all of them
Long term depression (LTD)
process of forgetiing