Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of hormone cytokinin and auxin

A
  • leaf abscission (if not done properly wounds are left for bugs)
  • increase in ethylene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

formation of abscission

A

protective layer- seal off vascular tissue connecting petiole to stem (suberin and lignin)
sparation layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

photoperiod

A
  • light affects CO gene (affects constans?)
  • CO gene makes CO protein (transcription factor) which can travel in phloem
  • CO protein activates another gene
  • activates LFY or leafy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 classes for flower identity genes

A
A- sepals
A+B- petals
B+C- stamen
C- carpels
(affected by LFY)
(normal meristem to flower meristem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pollination

A
  • wind

- insects, birds, bats (vector)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

orchids pollination

A

sac of pollen

-mimicry to attract wasps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

red flower pollination

A

visually sensitized vectors

-birds not insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

carrion flower pollination

A
  • attract flies (smells like rotting meat)

- UV absorbing pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pollen grain

A

extine- made of tough protein sporopollenin; can be in sedimentary layers (has carotenoids to protect against uv light-yellow)
intine- has cellulose
tube cell- directs the synthesis of the pollen tube
generative cell- makes 2 sperm nuclei (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dicot embryo development

A
  1. starts in zygote
  2. undergoes mitosis
  3. torpedo stage> heart stage
  4. form seed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cotyledons

A
  • first leaves/ seed leaves

- absorb endosperm in dicots during seed development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hilum

A

scar on outside of seed where the ovule was attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

micropyle

A

opening in ovule (remnants on seed surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

monocot embryo development

A

single cotyledon made of endosperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

seed disemination

A

spread of seeds when it is ready again after dormancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

fleshy fruit seed spread

A

taste good so animals eat them and spread by poop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dry fruit seed spread

A

wind (samara)

animals (burs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

germination check systems (break dormancy)

A
  1. require to wash out seed coat inhibitors (rain)
  2. undergo scarification - physical means to soften or break seed coat (acid or sand)
  3. cold treatment or stratification (after ripening-have to be in period of cold to germinate)
  4. fire (jack pin with serotonous cones)
  5. light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

using light to break dormancy

A

-need specific light (660); phytochrome is involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dicot germination

A
  • root
    1. hook formed by root called hypocotyl
    2. pushes cotyledons above soil; form cotyledonary leaves
    3. cotyledons wither
    5. first true leaves form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

monocot germination

A
  • covered by starch
    1. shoot emerging from one end
    2. coleoptile- enfolds developing leaves
  • seed never pushes above soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

seed breaking dormancy

A
  1. dry seed
  2. imbibe water by osmosis
  3. seed swells; enzyme rehydration
  4. stored carbon is broken down by starch
  5. metabolism
23
Q

seed dormancy experiment

A

Professor Beal, MSU 1819

  • seed viability in weeds
  • buried 20 bottles with 20 species
  • after 121 years half the moth mullein were germinating
24
Q

classification of all living

A
  1. aristotle divided animals and plants
  2. carolus linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature
  3. S kingdom system- whittaker
  4. biotechnology caused for 3 domains: Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya
25
S kingdom system
- fungi - animalia - monera - plantae - protista
26
archae
``` live in extreme conditions; extremophiles thermophile- temp halophile- salt methanogens- no oxygen; produce methane acidiophiles- acid ```
27
Bacteria structure
-no nucleus but does have genetic material (bacterial chromosome) -plasmids -ribosome is only organelle (too small) -cell wall; peptidoglycan -reproduce using binary fission (spherical, rod shaped, flagellum)
28
binary fission
replicate chromosome and splits | -no structures unlike mitosis
29
bacteria's diverse metabolism
saprophytes- eat dead material parasites- cause disease to host symbiosis- mutual benefit with host (root nodules; rhizobium) photosynthetic- anabaena
30
photosynthetic anabaena
- folded membranes with pigments chlorophyll a and phycocyanin - specialized cells heterocyst for n-fixation - have akinetic- thick wall
31
bubonic plague
yersina pesitus- bacteria
32
virus structure
-protein coat with nucleic acid inside (genetic material) -no metabolism (infects host cell) obligate parasite- needs host (tobacco mosaic virus)
33
influenza virus
- protein coat and spikes | - H or N spikes- changes every year
34
virus reproduction
-inject viral DNA -bacterial ribosomes in protein synthesis make DNA -burst host cell (don't treat with antibiotics bc no cell wall and can't kill them) -ebola, zika
35
fungi structure
- yeast and molds - nucleus and organelles - cell wall- chitin
36
fungi reproduction types
-spores asexual- conidia sexual- conidia, ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores
37
fungi sexual reproduction
1. start with fungal filaments (1N) 2. grow knobs- gametangia 3. make zygospore (2N) 4. zygospore germinates like seed- makes sporangium 5. meiosis to produce spores (1N) 6. spores are released filled with filaments
38
fungi asexual reproduction
1N sporangium makes 1N spores | -globe shape
39
ascospores
- created in long sac called ascis - 8 ascospores - filaments grow together to create them
40
basidiospores
- basidium- club like - 4 basidiospores - gilled mushrooms lined with basidiospores (gills and stipe) - dikaryotic (N+N)- 2 haploid nuclei in same cell to produce the mushroom (unique to fungi) - gills and pores
41
types of fungi
saprophytic- penicillium, makes penicillin parasitic- not photosynthetic; claviceps purperea caused ergot on rye symbiotic- lichens: green algae(photosynthesis) and fungus
42
mycorrizae
fungus that infects root but doesn't hurt it | -symbiotic relationship with trees so they absorb more nutrients
43
eukaryotes
protisita, fungie, plantae, animalia
44
protists
animal like- amoeba fungus like- slime and water molds (have cellulose; no chitin) plant like- algae (photosynthetic)
45
slime and water molds
slime molds- saprophyte; interact with fish | water mold- hydrophilic; plant disease called late blight of potato (pytopthera infestans)
46
algae
green: chlorophyll A+B chlamedemonas-green and unicellular spirogyra-filamentous volvox- colonial
47
diatoms
- golden brown - not motile; no flagella - Chlorophyll A+C - delicate silica walls
48
brown algae
- fucus, seaweed, kelp - fuco. xanthrin - stored carbohydrate alginic acid- emulsified (makes ice-cream) - chlorophyll a and c
49
red algae
- chlorophyll a and d - stored carbohydrate caragreenan- thicker, yogurt - agar
50
dinoflagellates (plankton)
- 2 flagella - orange- carotinoids - red tide- produce toxins that can kill fish - bioluminescent- chemical luciferin and enzyme luciferase (atp and O2)
51
cyanobacterium
macrocystis | microcystis- liver toxin
52
chromatic adaptation
brown- deep green- middle red- shallow; blue has most energy (green algae)
53
stratefication
layering of plants to get more light | -lianas and epiphytes (orchids, bromeliads, philodendron)
54
competition with insects
produce secondary metabolites - alkaloid quite from bark (treats malaria) - avare- poisonous