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Plant Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Lack of hormone cytokinin and auxin

A
  • leaf abscission (if not done properly wounds are left for bugs)
  • increase in ethylene
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2
Q

formation of abscission

A

protective layer- seal off vascular tissue connecting petiole to stem (suberin and lignin)
sparation layer

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3
Q

photoperiod

A
  • light affects CO gene (affects constans?)
  • CO gene makes CO protein (transcription factor) which can travel in phloem
  • CO protein activates another gene
  • activates LFY or leafy
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4
Q

3 classes for flower identity genes

A 
A- sepals
A+B- petals
B+C- stamen
C- carpels
(affected by LFY)
(normal meristem to flower meristem)
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5
Q

pollination

A
  • wind

- insects, birds, bats (vector)

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6
Q

orchids pollination

A

sac of pollen

-mimicry to attract wasps

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7
Q

red flower pollination

A

visually sensitized vectors

-birds not insects

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8
Q

carrion flower pollination

A
  • attract flies (smells like rotting meat)

- UV absorbing pigments

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9
Q

pollen grain

A

extine- made of tough protein sporopollenin; can be in sedimentary layers (has carotenoids to protect against uv light-yellow)
intine- has cellulose
tube cell- directs the synthesis of the pollen tube
generative cell- makes 2 sperm nuclei (gametes)

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10
Q

dicot embryo development

A
  1. starts in zygote
  2. undergoes mitosis
  3. torpedo stage> heart stage
  4. form seed
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11
Q

cotyledons

A
  • first leaves/ seed leaves

- absorb endosperm in dicots during seed development

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12
Q

hilum

A

scar on outside of seed where the ovule was attached

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13
Q

micropyle

A

opening in ovule (remnants on seed surface)

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14
Q

monocot embryo development

A

single cotyledon made of endosperm

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15
Q

seed disemination

A

spread of seeds when it is ready again after dormancy

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16
Q

fleshy fruit seed spread

A

taste good so animals eat them and spread by poop

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17
Q

dry fruit seed spread

A

wind (samara)

animals (burs)

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18
Q

germination check systems (break dormancy)

A
  1. require to wash out seed coat inhibitors (rain)
  2. undergo scarification - physical means to soften or break seed coat (acid or sand)
  3. cold treatment or stratification (after ripening-have to be in period of cold to germinate)
  4. fire (jack pin with serotonous cones)
  5. light
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19
Q

using light to break dormancy

A

-need specific light (660); phytochrome is involved

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20
Q

dicot germination

A
  • root
    1. hook formed by root called hypocotyl
    2. pushes cotyledons above soil; form cotyledonary leaves
    3. cotyledons wither
    5. first true leaves form
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21
Q

monocot germination

A
  • covered by starch
    1. shoot emerging from one end
    2. coleoptile- enfolds developing leaves
  • seed never pushes above soil
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22
Q

seed breaking dormancy

A
  1. dry seed
  2. imbibe water by osmosis
  3. seed swells; enzyme rehydration
  4. stored carbon is broken down by starch
  5. metabolism
23
Q

seed dormancy experiment

A

Professor Beal, MSU 1819

  • seed viability in weeds
  • buried 20 bottles with 20 species
  • after 121 years half the moth mullein were germinating
24
Q

classification of all living

A
  1. aristotle divided animals and plants
  2. carolus linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature
  3. S kingdom system- whittaker
  4. biotechnology caused for 3 domains: Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya
25
Q

S kingdom system

A
  • fungi
  • animalia
  • monera
  • plantae
  • protista
26
Q

archae

A 
live in extreme conditions; extremophiles
thermophile- temp
halophile- salt
methanogens- no oxygen; produce methane
acidiophiles- acid
27
Q

Bacteria structure

A

-no nucleus but does have genetic material (bacterial chromosome)
-plasmids
-ribosome is only organelle (too small)
-cell wall; peptidoglycan
-reproduce using binary fission
(spherical, rod shaped, flagellum)

28
Q

binary fission

A

replicate chromosome and splits

-no structures unlike mitosis

29
Q

bacteria’s diverse metabolism

A

saprophytes- eat dead material
parasites- cause disease to host
symbiosis- mutual benefit with host (root nodules; rhizobium)
photosynthetic- anabaena

30
Q

photosynthetic anabaena

A
  • folded membranes with pigments chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
  • specialized cells heterocyst for n-fixation
  • have akinetic- thick wall
31
Q

bubonic plague

A

yersina pesitus- bacteria

32
Q

virus structure

A

-protein coat with nucleic acid inside (genetic material)
-no metabolism (infects host cell)
obligate parasite- needs host (tobacco mosaic virus)

33
Q

influenza virus

A
  • protein coat and spikes

- H or N spikes- changes every year

34
Q

virus reproduction

A

-inject viral DNA
-bacterial ribosomes in protein synthesis make DNA
-burst host cell
(don’t treat with antibiotics bc no cell wall and can’t kill them)
-ebola, zika

35
Q

fungi structure

A
  • yeast and molds
  • nucleus and organelles
  • cell wall- chitin
36
Q

fungi reproduction types

A

-spores
asexual- conidia
sexual- conidia, ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores

37
Q

fungi sexual reproduction

A
  1. start with fungal filaments (1N)
  2. grow knobs- gametangia
  3. make zygospore (2N)
  4. zygospore germinates like seed- makes sporangium
  5. meiosis to produce spores (1N)
  6. spores are released filled with filaments
38
Q

fungi asexual reproduction

A

1N sporangium makes 1N spores

-globe shape

39
Q

ascospores

A
  • created in long sac called ascis
  • 8 ascospores
  • filaments grow together to create them
40
Q

basidiospores

A
  • basidium- club like
  • 4 basidiospores
  • gilled mushrooms lined with basidiospores (gills and stipe)
  • dikaryotic (N+N)- 2 haploid nuclei in same cell to produce the mushroom (unique to fungi)
  • gills and pores
41
Q

types of fungi

A

saprophytic- penicillium, makes penicillin
parasitic- not photosynthetic; claviceps purperea caused ergot on rye
symbiotic- lichens: green algae(photosynthesis) and fungus

42
Q

mycorrizae

A

fungus that infects root but doesn’t hurt it

-symbiotic relationship with trees so they absorb more nutrients

43
Q

eukaryotes

A

protisita, fungie, plantae, animalia

44
Q

protists

A

animal like- amoeba
fungus like- slime and water molds (have cellulose; no chitin)
plant like- algae (photosynthetic)

45
Q

slime and water molds

A

slime molds- saprophyte; interact with fish

water mold- hydrophilic; plant disease called late blight of potato (pytopthera infestans)

46
Q

algae

A

green: chlorophyll A+B
chlamedemonas-green and unicellular
spirogyra-filamentous
volvox- colonial

47
Q

diatoms

A
  • golden brown
  • not motile; no flagella
  • Chlorophyll A+C
  • delicate silica walls
48
Q

brown algae

A
  • fucus, seaweed, kelp
  • fuco. xanthrin
  • stored carbohydrate alginic acid- emulsified (makes ice-cream)
  • chlorophyll a and c
49
Q

red algae

A
  • chlorophyll a and d
  • stored carbohydrate caragreenan- thicker, yogurt
  • agar
50
Q

dinoflagellates (plankton)

A
  • 2 flagella
  • orange- carotinoids
  • red tide- produce toxins that can kill fish
  • bioluminescent- chemical luciferin and enzyme luciferase (atp and O2)
51
Q

cyanobacterium

A

macrocystis

microcystis- liver toxin

52
Q

chromatic adaptation

A

brown- deep
green- middle
red- shallow; blue has most energy (green algae)

53
Q

stratefication

A

layering of plants to get more light

-lianas and epiphytes (orchids, bromeliads, philodendron)

54
Q

competition with insects

A

produce secondary metabolites

  • alkaloid quite from bark (treats malaria)
  • avare- poisonous

Plant Biology (7 decks)

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