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Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

signal transduction

A

converts information from signal into cellular response

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2
Q

ligand

A

binds to receptor protein making the cell respond; the signaling molecule

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3
Q

Animal cell signals

A
  • Hormones, peptide (insulin) or steroid (estrogen)
  • Neurotransmitters (catecholamine)
  • Cytokines (interleukins)
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4
Q

Plant cell signals

A
  • Hormones (auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid)
  • Red light
  • Blue light
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5
Q

intracellular receptor

A
  • steroid hormones
  • cytoplasm
  • nonpolar; bind to lipid-soluble ligands (hydrophobic)
  • can easily cross plasma membrane and bind to a cytoplasmic protein
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6
Q

cell surface/membrane receptor

A

3 types:

  1. channel linked- ion channel that opens in response to a ligand
  2. enzymatic- an enzyme activated by ligand
  3. G protein-coupled- bound to GTP and assists in transmitting signal
    - water soluble; cannot cross membrane
    - outside cell (cytoplasm + environment)
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7
Q

How to turn receptors on/off

A
  1. On: Add a phosphate from ATP (Kinase)
    Off: Remove a phosphate (phosphatase)
  2. On: add GTP (GEF trades GDP for GTP)
    Off: release P (GAP)
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8
Q

second messenger

A

alter behavior of cellular proteins by binding to them and changing their shape

  • cyclic-AMP(cAMP)
  • calcium/calmodulin
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9
Q

Steroid receptor’s 3 domains

A
  1. hormone-binding
  2. DNA- binding
  3. a domain that can interact with coactivators to affect the level of gene transcription
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10
Q

substrate

A

molecule that undergo reaction

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11
Q

active site

A

region of the enzyme that binds to substrate

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12
Q

allosteric enzymes

A

possess allosteric site where molecules other than the substrate can bind
-active or inactive site

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13
Q

cofactor

A

usually metal ions that bind to a protein to make it active

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14
Q

coenzyme

A
  • non-protein organic molecules

- electron donor or acceptor in redox reaction

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15
Q

biochemical pathway

A

a series of reactions in which a product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next

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16
Q

feedback inhibition

A

the end product is an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the pathway

17
Q

anabolism

A

chemical reactions that expend energy to make new bonds (synthesis)

18
Q

catabolism

A

chemical reactions that harvest energy when bonds are broken (breakdown) (to make ATP)

19
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  • process by which energy is harvested (process of making ATP)
  • exergonic
  • leads to redox, moves electrons, makes ATP
20
Q

aerobic respiration

A

final electron receptor is O2 and produces H2O
(each step is lower energy than the next)
Delta G= negative
-everything we learned

21
Q

chemiosis

A

using a proton gradient to make ATP

22
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

internal membrane arranged in flatten discs containing chlorophyll

23
Q

antenna complex

A
  • captures photons from sunlight

- reaction center and accessory pigments

24
Q

photosystem

A

photosynthetic pigments are clustered together in the thylakoid membrane

25
Q

cyclic phosphorylation

A
  • photons added exciting electrons then electrons are returned back
  • ATP (only product) made by chemiosis (gradient)
  • electrons come from pigments
26
Q

photorespiration

A
  • when hot storm openings close cutting off CO2 causing it to bind to rubisco
  • no glucose; not useful; CO2 lost
  • chloroplast-> peroxisome-> mitochondrion
27
Q

cytokinesis

A

splitting of the cells

28
Q

condensin

A

protein for super coil

29
Q

histones

A

proteins that cluster in 8 to make a nucleosome

30
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and protein

31
Q

kinetochore

A

attachment point for spindle

32
Q

cohesin

A

protein that holds chromosomes together

33
Q

cyclins`

A

proteins produced in sychrony with cell cycle

-regulate passage of cell through check points

34
Q

CDK

A
  • cyclin-dependent kinases
  • enzymes that drive cell
  • activate only when bound by a cyclin
35
Q

how to activate CDK

A

-kinases add 2 phosphate
-phosphatase clips off one phosphate
(kinase cascade)

36
Q

kinase cascade

A
  • phosphates are added to kinase that goes to receptor turning it on
  • one signal protein gets phosphorylated then transfers phosphate to next signal protein
37
Q

protein gradient

A

ATP synthase- protons move back into matrix to make ATP (h+) (oxygen is needed)

38
Q

phragmoplast

A

formed by microtubules; makes cell plate (new cell wall)

Plant Biology (7 decks)

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