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Plant Biology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

flowering plants

A
  • monocot and dicot (eudicot)
  • have fruits and seeds
  • roots
  • stems and leaves (shoots)
  • flower
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2
Q

nonflowering plants

A
  • naked seeds (pine)

- spores (fern and moss)

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3
Q

vascular plant systems

A
  • root system

- shoot system

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4
Q

root system

A
  • anchors plant, absorbs water and nutrients

- have root hairs, lateral roots, and no nodes

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5
Q

shoot system

A
  • supports leaves for photosynthesis (without there would be no leaves)
  • conduct sugars and h2o back and forth
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6
Q

apex

A

tip where growth occurs (in roots and stem)

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7
Q

tap root

A

one large main root that gets water from deep in the ground (dandilions)

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8
Q

fibrous root

A

shallow roots with lots of branches that collects rain

grass

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9
Q

epiphyte

A

plant on a plant (aerial root to get more sunlight) that don’t form roots in soil
-thick and spongy roots

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10
Q

modified root

A

special structure for better function

  1. storage of carbohydrate nerves (vegetables with starches and sugars)
  2. parastic roots-climb up trees and suck out nutrients (mistletoe)
  3. oxygen absorbing- extension of root to get oxygen when the tide comes in (pneumatophore)
  4. aerial root- orchids, epiphyte (dont hurt host)
  5. root nodules- n-fixing bacteria; symbiosis
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11
Q

symbiosis

A

plant benefits from bacteria and bacteria benefits from plant

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12
Q

adventitious roots

A
  • root that emerges from stem
    1. prop roots- help tall plants from falling (corn)
    2. stilts (shallow soil)
    3. buttress- widening at base (shallow soil)
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13
Q

Stem consists of:

A
  • shoot apex/tip
  • axillary bud
  • internode
  • node
  • young leaf
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14
Q

axillary bud

A

a bud where the stem meets the petiole

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15
Q

node

A

where leaves are attached

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16
Q

Runner/stolom

A

modified stem that goes across horizontal surface with adventitious roots
-strawberries

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17
Q

rhizome

A

modified stem thats thick and underground with adventitious roots

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18
Q

stolon with tubers

A

modified stem with specialized underground stem tissue
stolon-branches
tubers-tips
-potato

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19
Q

bulb

A

modified stem thats short and thick with adventitious roots

-onion (rest is leaves)

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20
Q

corm

A

modified stem thats broad and thick

-papery leaves

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21
Q

tendril

A

modified climbing stem

-grape vines

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22
Q

cladophyll

A

modified photosynthetic stem

-cactus and snake plant

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23
Q

monocot

A

parallel veins

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24
Q

dicot

A

branched veins

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25
Q

simple vs compound

A

simple- one leaf on petiole
compound- multiple leaves on petiole
-pinnate- rows
-palmate- like fingers on a hand

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26
Q

succulent

A

modified leaf thats thick and spongy and stores water

-aloe

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27
Q

spine

A

modified leaf that is for protection (no photosynthesis)

-cactus

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28
Q

window

A

modified leaf that if underground with windows for photosynthesis bc its hot

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29
Q

reproductive leaves

A

modified leaves that can grow independently

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30
Q

flower pot

A

modified leaf that form place for roots to grow

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31
Q

carniverous

A

modified leaf

-venus fly trap, sundew, pitcher, bladderwort

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32
Q

bracts

A

modified leaf that help attract pollinators

-poinsetta

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33
Q

tissues

A

ground- body of organ, storage, photosynthesis
vascular- transporting material (xylem and phloem)
dermal- outer layer of specialized cells (epidermal cells)

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34
Q

ground tissue

A

parenchyma- thin primary cell walls; live (stems, leaves)
collenchyma- thick primary cell walls; live (petiole)
sclerenchyma- primary and secondary cell walls; dead

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35
Q

primary cell walls

A

-cellulose
-hemicellulose
-pectin
-HRGP
(flexible, strong, porus)

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36
Q

secondary cell walls

A

everything and lignin to make it harder

-inside of primary cell wall

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37
Q

cellulose

A

polymer of glucose; beta 1,4 linked

-cellulose microfibril- bundle of cellulose to make it stronger (chains of glucose together)

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38
Q

hemicellulose

A

half glucose
half zyloglucose or aratinogalactin
-anchoring embedded on surface of fibrils (attaches pectin)

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39
Q

HRGP

A

hydroproline rich glycoproteins

  • amino acid proteins
  • arabinose is the sugar
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40
Q

lignin

A
  • polymer of sinaphyl or conipheryl alcohols

- ring shaped network

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41
Q

sclerenchyma

A
  • sclerids (astrosclerdid- star shaped; form nutshell)
  • fibers- are long and thin (protect vascular bundle; money not cotton) usually enforcing stem
  • have secondary cell walls
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42
Q

cotton

A

not fibers, made of cellulose trichomes

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43
Q

xylem

A
  • has vessels, tracheids, and secondary cell walls (lignin)
  • dead
  • no cytoplasm
  • carries water
  • simple and bordered pits
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44
Q

phloem

A
  • sieve tube cells and companion cells
  • active metabolism (mitochondria)
  • transport sap
  • live
  • only primary cell wall
  • companion cell to keep sieve tube cell going without nucleus
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45
Q

simple vs bordered pit

A

simple- allows transfer of water from one cell to another

bordered- has torus that can seal border of secondary cell wall

46
Q

middle lamella

A
  • glues cells together

- made of pectin

47
Q

root epidermal cell

A

root hairs- increase surface area

48
Q

stem epidermal cells

A 
trichomes:
-hairs
-white and reflective for overheating
-prevent water loss
glandular trichome- oil to prevent water loss
49
Q

leaf epidermal cells

A
  • cuticle- cutin made of wax (not cellular)
  • trichomes
  • guard cells
50
Q

guard cells

A

have bands of cellulose to absorb/lose water

  • in stoma
  • opens to pump potassium and water follows
51
Q

woody dermal layer

A
  1. cork
  2. cork cambium-produces new cork
  3. phelloderm
  4. periderm
  5. lenticles- openings in bark for gas exchange
52
Q

sap

A

full of sugars of photosynthesis

53
Q

transpiration process

A

evaporation of water through stomata

  1. capillary action- cohesive liquid in narrow capillary/xylem (long chain that won’t break)
  2. evaporation- opens guard cells; water leaves in vapor form
  3. tension- when one water molecule leaves it pulls whole chain
54
Q

plasmodesmata

A

membrane lined channel

-move things from cell to cell

55
Q

apoplast

A

non living parts of plants
-cell wall
apoplast route- movement through cell walls and space b/w cells

56
Q

symplast

A

living parts
-cytoplasm and membranes
symplast route- cytoplasm continuum b/w cells connected by plasmodesmata

57
Q

transmembrane routes

A

transport through the aquapores

58
Q

osmosis

A

absorption at root; root pressure (pushes water up xylem)

-apoplast

59
Q

aquaporin

A

protein that get water across plasma membrane

60
Q

guttation

A

oozing out of water from pressure

61
Q

casparian strip

A
  • in endodermis
  • stops waters apoplast transport
  • lipid and lignin (suberin)
62
Q

water transport

A
  1. osmosis (apoplast)
  2. stopped by casparian strip
  3. goes transmembrane route to get into cytoplasm (symplast)
    - only goes up
63
Q

phloem transport

A

-transports sugars - sucrose, glucose, fructose
-distribute carbohydrates produced by leaves
bidirectional- can go up or down with input of energy

64
Q

aphid

A

phloem feeding insects with stylet to feed

65
Q

pressure-flow theory

A

a model describing the movement of carbohydrates in phloem

-active loading and unloading

66
Q

phloem loading

A

active process of putting sugar into the phloem

  • happens at source (leaf)
  • symport H+
67
Q

companion cells

A

does the work for active transport in phloem

-has nucleus and mitochondria

68
Q

soil

A

topsoil- most roots; mixtures of minerals
organic- from living things
inorganic- minerals

69
Q

inorganic soil

A

sand- 1mm-.05mm (well drain, poor hold)
silt- .05mm- .002
clay- .002 or less (poor drain, good hole)

70
Q

loam

A

mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay

71
Q

organic soil

A

humus- partly decayed plant matter

  • amino acids
  • carbohydrates
  • tannins
72
Q

soil profile

A
  • topsoil (high organic materials)
  • subsoil (high organic materials)
  • bedrock
73
Q

macronutrients

A 
need large amounts; building blocks
-C, O, H, N, S, P
K- guard cells- active transport
CA- cell wall; binds w pectin
MG- chlorophyll and lipids
-proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
74
Q

micronutrients

A
  • need small amount

Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Ca, Mo

75
Q

testing for nutrient deficiency symptoms

A

plant is floating in air with root in nutrient bath

76
Q

mobile elements

A

moves to new leaves making old leaves deficient

-N, P, K, Mg

77
Q

immobile

A

stays in old leaves making new leaves deficient

-Ca, Zm, B, M, Fe

78
Q

deficiencies

A 
nitrogen-chlorosis or it turns yellow (old)
calcium- distorted/wrinkled (new)
potassium- wilting
copper- stunted growth
iron- interveinal chlorosis
79
Q

fertilizers

A

N, P, K

NO3, NH3

80
Q

meristems

A 
shoot- apical; stimulates tall growth
root- makes root grow down
thickening- cork and vascular cambium (dicots and woody plants)
-not in monocots bc of scattered bundles
basal- on the bottom (grass)
81
Q

clay structure

A

crystalline lattice of net negative charges

  • rain doesn’t wash away nutrients
  • binds to positive cations (H+)
  • SiO4 and AlO4
82
Q

Cation exchange (CEC)

A

plant root releases acid or H+ which switches places with cation and the cation goes into root

  • uses active transport in epidermal cell membranes to move cation across plasma membrane
  • costs atp
83
Q

History of Auxin hormone

A

1881: charles and francis darwin grew canary grass and discovered phototropism (plants grow towards light) and tip is sensor
1926: Fritz Went
-came up with name auxin
-cut off tip of oat seed and put it in agar block in dark and curvature still happened bc chemical signal
(side with light= cells don’t elongate)

84
Q

auxin names

A 
indole acetic acid (natural)
synthetic
-IPA
-NAA
-IBA
-24D (herbacides)
85
Q

activities of auxin

A
  • fruit formation
  • leaf abscision (auxin prevents it)
  • apical dominance (shoot apex wants it to grow up, but if cut it has bushy growth)
  • stimulate root growth
  • cell elongation
86
Q

cytokinin history

A

1955 Skoog Miller
wanted to stimulate cell division (UW madison) and used herring sperm to stimulate growth of carrot and only the old sample with broken down adenine (kinetin) worked

87
Q

cytokinin names

A
  • zea (corn) has zeatin (natural cytokinin)
  • cytokinin bc cytokinesis
  • BAP and ZIP (synthetic)
88
Q

cytokinin activities

A
  • cell division
  • stimulates shoot growth and auxiliary bud
  • senscence: shutting down and death of leaf (cytokinin delays it)
  • leaf expansion
89
Q

Gibberellin history

A

1809 in japan rice plants grow too tall (foolish seedling disease; baknae) caused by fungus gibberellin
1925 kurosawa heated growth medium of fungus and filtered the liquid into plant to induce growth making it a steroid (bioassay- looking for chemical)
-bean seeds first natural occurring (GA1)

90
Q

Gibberellin activities

A
  • flowering (cabbage fam-produce stalk)
  • internode elongation
  • stimulate seed germination (grain + barley)
  • seedless grapes
91
Q

Barley germination

A
  1. imbibe- seed absorbs water
  2. embryo releases gibberellin
  3. aleurone layer (inside starch endosperm) releases amylase to break down starch
92
Q

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A

1949- dormant buds (thought is was dormin but it was ABA)
1965- leaf abscission (ABA does it)
synthesized in mature leaves, root caps, base of fruits

93
Q

Abscisic Acid activities

A
  • close guard cells
  • fruit drop
  • leaf abscission
  • dormancy (seeds and buds)
  • precocious sprouting- seed germinates on parent plant
94
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

synthesized in pollen and many tissues

  • cell elongation and division
  • apical dominance
  • root and pollen tube growth
  • seed germination
95
Q

oligosaccarins

A

-long chain sugars (technically not a hormone)
-released from plant cell walls
Activities
-plant defense- kill injured part of leaf w localized neurosis (growing and dying)
-inhibit stem elongation

96
Q

Ethylene history

A

-gaseous hydrocarbon found in natural gas
-trees dropped leaves and premature fruit when next to street lamp
1901
-pea seedswith gas normal growth didn’t happen
-demetri neljubor took apart gas and found ethylene

97
Q

ethylene activities

A

synthesized in ripening fruit and damaged tissue

  • leaf abscission
  • fruit ripening
  • wound repair (suberin-water proof lipid)
  • inhibits lateral buds and stem elongation
98
Q

ubiquitin

A

protein that tags cell after auxin so proteosome can act

99
Q

proteosome

A

protein body with hollow structure that degrades

  • molecular garbage can
  • after ubiquitin
100
Q

how auxin works

A
  1. auxin goes to TIR (auxin receptor)
  2. SCF becomes ARF (response/transcription protein)
  3. ubiquitin goes to Auxin protein inhibitor and degrades it
  4. ARF activates genes
101
Q

how gibberellin works

A
  1. gibberellin goes to GID1
  2. SCF (degrading factor) releases and degrades della (inhibitor)
  3. GA-TRXN becomes active transcriptor
102
Q

etiolation

A

plants grow in dark (no chlorophyll and tall)

103
Q

Hendricks Borthwick

A

1954 took separated etiolated plants and gave them each diff wavelengths of light to find the receptor

  • red light turned normal
  • Far red did not work
  • Phytochrome red- red absorbing (inactive in light)
  • Phytochrome far red- active (730nm of light becomes inactive)
104
Q

phytochrome

A

blue pigment in membranes

105
Q

photomorphogenesis

A

where plant growth patterns respond to the light spectrum

106
Q

flowering

A
  1. light and dark dependent
  2. gibberellin dependent
  3. temp
  4. automonous
107
Q

photoperiod

A

length of light

108
Q

day neutral plants

A

close to equator

-corn, rice, peas

109
Q

long day plants

A

flower with exposure to long days; spring/summer

-tobacco, ragweed, and poinsettia

110
Q

Hamner and Bonner

A

used cocklebur (short day) to test schedule and it didn’t flower if it didn’t have long enough nyctoperiod

  • shortened days (16 hours) and interrupted days didn’t work
  • phytochrome is cause
111
Q

Pfr

A

Pr going to Pfr is activating

-binds to ubiquitin in dark and degrades

Plant Biology (7 decks)

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