Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What does mucus contain to help control bacterial growth?
A
Sliminess - traps microbes
Lysozyme- breaks cell walls
Lactoferrin- binds iron that microbes need to grow
Decensins - poke holes in cell walls
2
Q
Respiratory defenses:
A
First line- nasal hairs, cilia, mucus
Second- macrophages
Third- pathogen specific, secretory igA
3
Q
Is normal biota gram positive or negative?
A
Gram positive- protects our environment
4
Q
Examples of biota in respiratory tract?
A
S.pyogenes, H.influenzae, S. pneumonia, N.meningitidis, S.aureus
5
Q
What is pharyngitis caused by?
A
Virus - when caused by bacteria it’s S.pyogenes (strepthroat)
6
Q
If scarlet fever is left untreated what will happen?
A
The bacteria can access the blood (becoming systemic) and cause rheumatic fever (inflammation of joints and muscles)
7
Q
Treatment for strep and scarlet fever?
A
Penicillin
8
Q
What tests would u use for diagnosis of strep/scarlet fever?
A
Beta hemolytic, camp, catalase, bacatracians
9
Q
What is epiglottis caused by?
A
Normal flora- H.influenza, S.pneumonia
10
Q
What is the nickname for epiglottis?
A
“Strangler” disease - can’t breathe
11
Q
What is diphtheria caused by?
A
Corynebacterium diphtheria (club shape bacteria) NOT AN ENDOSPORE
12
Q
What is translation?
A
Making chain of proteins
13
Q
What do the toxins prevent in diphtheria?
A
They prevent translation by ribosomes.
14
Q
Complications of diphtheria?
A
Suffocation, nerve destruction, heart arrhythmia (strangler disease) inflamed threat, forms polyps
15
Q
How to treat diphtheria?
A
Penicillin and antitoxin
16
Q
Otis externa
A
External - outside eardrum
17
Q
Otis media
A
Middle - inside eardrum
18
Q
What causes Acute Otitis media?
A
Mixed infection of viruses and bacteria (S.pneumonaie, H.influenzae)
19
Q
How to treat Otis media?
A
Antibiotics, tympanic membrane tubes, watchful waiting
20
Q
Vaccine for acute otitis media?
A
Prevnar, Hib
21
Q
Swimmers ear is?
A
Otis externa - too much moisture breaks down membranes
22
Q
Symptoms of Otis externa?
A
Itching and pain
23
Q
What caused Sinusitis?
A
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergies
24
Q
Treatment for sinusitis?
A
Broad-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infection, antifungals or surgery for fungal infection
25
What causes the common cold?
Rhinovirus - airborne transmission, direct contact
26
Why no cure for the common cold?
Because there's 200 different virus strains can cause common colds. Can't take 200 vaccines.
27
What other virus can cause a cold
Adenovirus infections
28
lower respiratory tract diseases:
Influenza, pertussis, RSV Disease
29
What two spikes does the Flue contain?
Hemaggluetin helps the virus attach and penetrate host cells (H)
Neauraminidase helps release virus from the host cell after replication and assembly (N)
H1N1
30
Signs and symptoms of the flu:
```
Begin in upper respiratory tract
Lower tract
Headache
Chills
Dry cough
Body aches
Fever
Stuffy nose
Sore throat
Extreme fatigue
Secondary infections
```
31
Types of flu:
Influenza A, B, C
A - most common, every year, circulates in animals
B- less common but still every year, only in humans, found in vaccine
C- causes a mild respiratory illness but not epidemic
32
What is antigenic drift?
Slowing moving away from immune recognition
Produces most seasonal flu strains
Mutations of glycoproteins H, N genes
33
What is antigenic shift?
RNA exchange between diff viruses
Occurs during co-infection of a host cell
More likely to produce pandemic strains
34
How to diagnose influenza?
Symptoms, culture tests to identify virus subtype causing infections, rapid flu tests(Elisa)
35
How to prevent flu?
Vaccination
Inactivated seasonal (70-90% effective, pregnant people get this & people over 6 mos) or live attenuated seasonal (98-99% effective, age 5-49 can get this)
36
Cause of pertussis (whooping cough)
Bordatella pertussis - spread by respiratory droplets (gram -)
37
What do the toxins in pertussis do?
Paralyze ciliates cells in the respiratory tract = no mucus movement can lead to pneumonia
38
How to prevent pertussis?
DTaP vaccine, antibiotic tx, supportive measures
39
Stages of pertussis?
Catarrhal stage - runny nose, 1-2 weeks
Paroxysmal stage - severe coughing
Recovery phase - susceptible to other respiratory infections
40
What is the respiratory syncytial virus caused by?
RSV - infects the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs causing cells to fuse together into syncytia
Children under 1
41
What is the virulence of RSV disease?
Giant cell formation (syncitia)
42
How to diagnose RSV?
Direct antigen testing
43
Prevention for RSV?
Antibody therapy, ribavirin
44
What causes TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
45
Calcified white blood cells are called:
Granulomas
46
Signs and symptoms of TB
Easily infected but usually resistant to disease development
Contained in the lungs
47
Forms of TB:
Primary- initial infection, no symptoms
Secondary- severe symptoms, fever, anorexia, violet cough, fatigue, chest pain, night sweats
Disseminated/extrapulmonary- infection outside the lungs. Regional lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain = organ failure
48
What causes Bronchitis?
90% by viruses ; if bacterial it'll be your normal flora
Begins as a URT infection
Getting flu vaccine prevents bronchitis
49
Sign of bronchitis:
Coughing up mucus
50
What is pneumonia?
Fluid in the lungs, usually after bronchitis
51
What causes pneumonia?
Bacteria: typical- S.pneumoniae
Atypical- Legionella sp, Mycoplasma pneumonia
Viruses: mainly VIRAL, Hantavirus, emerging viruses
Fungi: histoplasma copsulatum, Pneumocystis
52
Typical vs atypical pneumonia
Complaints: cough, fever, chest pain
S.pneumoniae(entire lung lobe, both lungs) H.influenzae (hospital acquired) S.aureus( hospital acquired)
Atypical: symptoms- cough, fever, headache, muscle pain
M.pneumoniae(causes atypical, called walking pneumonia, have no sensitivity to penicillin because it has no cell wall)
53
What causes Legionnaires disease?
Legionella pneumophila
54
How do u get legionnaires?
Breathing in or ingesting amoebas
55
How do u get Hantavirus?
Deer mice, transmitted airborne dust contaminated with rodent urine, feces, or saliva
56
What causes Histoplasmosis?
Histoplasma capsulatum
57
How is histoplasmosis transmitted? (Summer flu)
By inhalation of soil contaminated with bat or bird feces. Common for hunters or farmers
58
Symptoms of histoplasmosis
Mild flu like symptoms
| If you're immunocompromised then it'll be a TB like disease
59
What causes pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) and what can it cause?
Caused by: pneumocystis jiroveci
Causes: lethal pneumonia
Mold grows on the lungs
60
What causes cavities?
S.mutans and S.sorbrinus - produce lots of acid
61
What is Rubulavirus?
Mumps virus - infectious parotitis.
| Enlarged jaw tissues caused by swollen salivary glands
62
How is mumps spread?
Respiratory droplets, direct contact
63
What causes diarrhea?
Salmonella, shigella, ecoli, vibrio cholera, giardia
64
What is diarrhea?
3 or more loose stools in a 24 hour period
65
What causes salmonella?
Salmonella typhi (aka typhoid fever)
66
S. Typhi is transmitted by?
Flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites
67
Is salmonella acid resistant?
Yes - it passes thru the stomach to the small intestine, it causes ulcers, bleeding, pain
68
Characteristics of shigella?
Gram-negative Rods
Non motile
Non spore forming
69
What causes Shigellosis?
Shigella sonnei
70
How do you get shigella?
Contaminated food - eggs, veggies, shellfish, dairy
71
E.coli diarrheas causes various forms of:
Gastroenteritis
72
Transmission of e.coli?
Fecal- oral
73
Types of e.coli?
Enterotoxigenic E.Coli - infects GI tract and secretes a toxin that causes gastroenteritis (aka travelers diarrhea)
Enteropathogenic E.Coli - causes diarrhea in infants, where sanitation is lacking
E.Coli (EHEC) - shigella like toxin, gastroenteritis, fever, bloody diarrhea
Campylobacter- (subacute) ingested thru fecal oral, motile, fever, vomiting, headaches, watery diarrhea, abdominal pains - symptoms last longer than 2 weeks
74
What causes inflammation of the colon?
Clostridium difficile - extremely spore forming, mucus like diarrhea
75
What causes clostridium difficile?
Gram positive endospore forming rod
76
What causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae- usually consumed with raw oysters and water
77
Symptoms of cholera?
Diarrhea, thickened blood, shock, death, losing 1L of water per hour, rice water stool, short incubation period - outbreaks occur after natural disasters, war, refugee movements
78
How is cholera treated?
Antibiotics and hydration
79
What causes cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium parvum and C.hominis - intestinal protozoan
80
How is crypto spread?
Contaminated water and physical contact
81
Symptoms of crypto?
1-2 weeks of diarrhea, watery diarrhea, headaches, sweating, vomiting, abdominal cramps
82
Rotavirus infections can be deadly for:
Children ( winter diarrhea)
83
Transmission of rotavirus?
Contaminated food and water - invade small intestine
84
Treatment of rotavirus?
Oral rehydration therapy, 2 vaccines
85
Norovirus infections are common cause of:
No bacterial gastroenteritis in adults
86
Transmission of norovirus?
Fecal-oral, direct contact person to person & infected objects (cruise ships)
87
Symptoms of norovirus?
High contagious, dehydration, fever, vomiting
88
Food poisoning / intoxication symptoms?
Cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, non-inflammatory, shared meals, short incubation
89
What causes food poisoning? (Intoxication)
S.aureus, B.cereus, C.perfringens - these toxins come from shellfish, fish, mushrooms
90
S.aureus food poisoning:
Toxins are consumed in protein rich foods such as meat, fish, dairy products - toxins are heat stable
Contaminated by boils or abscesses on handlers skin, thru sneezing
91
Clostridium perfringens food poisoning:
Contaminated by meat, poultry, fish
92
Bacillus cereus food poisoning:
Diarrhea, vomiting, eating contaminated grains
93
Chronic diarrhea:
Lasting longer than 14 days - people with AIDS suffer with chronic diarrhea
94
What causes chronic diarrhea?
Protozoans - spread fecal oral
95
What is Giardiasis caused by?
Giardia intestinalis
96
Transmission of Giardiasis?
Food or water contaminated with sewage containing cysts
97
Symptoms of Giardiasis?
Appear after about 7 days: nausea, cramps, flatulence, diarrhea
98
What causes Amoebiasis?
Entameoba histolytica
99
Symptoms of amoebiasis?
Second leading cause of death from parasitic disease, enter thru food or water contaminated with feces - ingest a cyst & emerge in the intestines, loose stool, stomach cramps and pain, fever, bloody stools
100
What causes Gastric ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori - contaminated food and water
101
Symptoms of gastritis:
Sharp, burning pain from abdomen, bloody stools, vomiting
102
Gastric ulcers:
Lesions in the mucosa of the stomach or in the uppermost portion of the small intestine (aka peptic ulcers) they worsen after eating a big meal
103
What is hepatitis?
Inflammatory disease marked by necrosis of hepatocytes and a mononuclear response that swells the liver
104
Symptoms of hepatitis:
Jaundice, confusion, fever
Acute- recover 3-4 months and immunity
Chronic- aggravated by drinking beer affecting your liver
105
Two types of Hep affecting the GI tract?
Hep A, Hep E - transmitted by contaminated food or water from fences of an infected individual
Hep A- has a vaccine, not chronic, fecal oral
Hep E- is opportunistic- not chronic, fecal oral
106
Bloodborne hep viruses:
Hep B - has vaccine, chronic, infected needle
| Hep C - no vaccine, chronic, infected needle
107
What do the virions consist of with Hep B & C?
A nucleocapsid surrounded by a core antigen
An envelope containing a surface antigen
108
transmission of hep B & C?
Direct or indirect contact with bodily fluid
109
Primary reason for liver transplants in the US?
Hep C - symptomless chronic infection no vaccine available
110
Hep D & G are:
Cancerous types
111
Helminths examples:
Roundworms, tapeworms
Nematodes, trematodes, cestodes
112
How to diagnose parasitic worms?
Differential blood count, serological tests, history of travel
113
What causes Pinworm disease
Enterobius vermocularis
114
Symptoms of pinworm disease:
Infection of intestines leads to diarrhea and anal itching
Worms can die in a few weeks even without treatment
115
Tapeworms:
Survive in the human intestines
116
Beef and pork tapeworm are caused by?
Taenia saginata and T.solium - acquired by eating poorly cooked beef or pork
117
Flatworms
Do not have a respiratory or circulatory structures or a digestive tract
118
Schistosomiasis: liver disease
Suspected when liver is swelling
119
What causes schistosomiasis?
Blood flukes Schistosoma Masonic or S. japonicum
120
Symptoms of liver disease?
Hepatomegaly, liver disease, splenomegaly
121
What is the main bacteria in the vagina?
Lactobacillus - produces an acid pH
122
How do diagnose vaginosis?
Look at epithelial cells and if they are covered with bacteria that is abnormal (clue cell)
123
Where is the normal micro biota in males and females?
Males- urethra
| Females- urethra and vagina
124
Causative agents for a UTI?
Normal biota of the GI tract
- E.coli (80% of UTIs)
- S. saprophyticus
- Proteus mirabilis
125
What are venereal diseases?
STDs - chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis (3 most common)
126
Cause of gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
127
Symptoms of gonorrhea?
Females- many are asymptomatic but can spread to Fallopian tubes causing; pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy
Males- tingling of penis, pain with urinating, penile discharge, swollen lymph nodes, painful testicles
128
How is gonorrhea treated?
Cefriaxone
129
How to diagnose gonorrhea?
Gram negative stain (appears as kidney bean shaped bacteria), Thayer Martin medium
130
What causes chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis
131
Symptoms of chlamydia:
Females- usually asymptomatic, can cause inflammation in Fallopian tubes(salpingitis), PID
Males- can cause sterility, inflammation in urethra, some discharge, can infect throats and anus causing inflammation
132
Diagnosis and treatment for chlamydia?
Pap smear & treated with Azithromycin
133
C.trachomatis cannot make its own ATP so it must:
Rely on host cell for energy (intracelluar parasite)
134
2 phases of C. trachomatis?
1. infectious elementary body phase
2. Noninfectious reticulate body
Becomes infectious once the reticulate bodies become compact into elementary bodies and the cell bursts open to infect the next cell
135
What causes yeast infections?
Candida albicans (part of normal flora)
136
What is vulvovaginitis & symptoms?
Yeast infection (itching, burning, reddening, swelling, discharge)
137
What is oral candidiasis and symptoms?
Yeast infection in oral cavity (white curd-like growth on the mucous membranes of the mouth)
Breast fed babies can get it from the nipple of the mom
138
Vaginitis vs vaginosis?
Vaginitis- inflammation of vagina
| Vaginosis- no inflammation
139
How to diagnose yeast infection?
Gram stain - if there's fungus then it's a yeast infection
140
What causes trichomoniasis?
Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)
Carried by prostitutes - sexual contact
141
Symptoms of trichomoniasis?
Females- intense itching, burning, yellow green frothy discharge
Males-asymptomatic
142
Ulcer diseases:
Syphilis, chancroid, genital herpes
143
Clinical stages of syphilis?
Primary- lesion where the bacteria entered the body
secondary- involves fever, skin rash, swollen lymph nodes
tertiary- formation of humans that can cause weakening and bursting blood vessels, degeneration of spinal cord tissue, brain damage
144
What causes syphilis?
Treponema palladium (turn, thread, pale)
145
Treatment for syphilis?
Penicillin
146
What is congenital syphilis?
Syphilis bacterium can pass from a pregnant woman's circulation into the placenta and be carried throughout the fetal tissues
Inhibits fetal growth, mild defects, & miscarriage
147
What causes hutchinsons teeth?
Congenital syphilis (looks like molars for the central teeth)
148
Diagnose of syphilis?
Take blood and put it in a slide - if it glows pink then it's syphilis
149
What causes chancroid?
Haemophilis ducreyi
150
How is chancroid transmitted?
Direct contact - sexually
Associated with prostitutes and poor hygiene
Uncircumcised men seem to be more commonly infected than circumcised men
People may be asymptomatic
151
What causes genital herpes?
HSV-1 and HSV-2
152
Cold sores are caused by?
HSV-1 ; after primary infection the virus become latent in sensory ganglia
Recurrence of cold sores occurs when viruses are deactivated and move to the epithelium
153
What causes genital herpes?
HSV-2
154
Symptoms for herpes?
Itching and throbbing in genital area, followed by blisters
155
Treatment for herpes?
No cure, but the antivirals can shorten and decrease the number of outbreaks
156
Infection of the eye with herpes is called:
Herpes keratitis - causes scarring of the cornea and blindness
157
What happens if the child gets herpes from mother?
Child's mental development can be delayed, blindness and seizures can occur, should deliver C-section
158
Diagnoses of genital herpes?
Pap smear - cell is multi-nucleated
159
What two STIs cause wart like growth?
Human papilloma virus and malluscum contagiosum
160
What causes genital warts?
Human papilloma virus infection
161
Symptoms of warts?
Outgrowth of tissue on the genitals
In females: occur on the vulva and in/around the vagina
In males: occurs on the penis and scrotum
In both sexes: warts can appear on the anus and the skin around the groin
Can cause cancer 10-15 years to develop
162
Group B streptococcus "colonization" causes:
Neonatal disease
163
How do u prevent the spread of group B strep from mother to fetus?
At 35-37 weeks should be treated with penicillin or ampicillin unless bacterium is found to be resistant in which erythromycin may be used
164
Important properties of synthetic agents, antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs?
Synthetic agents are made in a pharmaceutical lab
Antibiotics are products of living microbes & found in nature
Semisynthetic drugs include synthetic and antibiotic elements
165
What are broad spectrum drugs?
Affect many taxonomic groups
| Ex) tetracycline
166
What are narrow spectrum drugs?
Affect only a few pathogens
| Ex) polymyxin
167
Chemotherapeutic drug
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief of a disease
168
Prophylaxis
Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
169
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
170
Before antimicrobial therapy can begin what 3 factors need to be determined?
The nature of the microbe causing the infection
The degree of the microbes susceptibility to various drugs
The overall medical condition of the patient
171
How to identify the agent?
Collect specimens from the patient (body fluids, sputum, stool)
Gram stain
172
What technique do u use for testing drug susceptibility?
Kirby-Bauer technique
- surface of an agar plate is spread with bacteria
- small discs containing a prepared amount of antibiotic are placed on the plate
- zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measured and compared with a standard for each drug
- antibiogram provides data for drug selection
- this method is less effective for anaerobic, fastidious, or slow growing bacteria
173
What is minimum inhibitory concentration?
The smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
174
Chemotherapeutic index:
The toxic (how much do I need to make it toxic to u) and therapeutic (how much do I need to kill the bacteria) doses are used to formulate it
175
Antibiotics that work on Cell wall synthesis?
Penicillin - active against many gram positive and some gram negative bacteria
-they interfere with cell wall synthesis causing the cell to burst
176
What antibiotic do u use for cell membrane?
Polymyxins -increase membrane permeability of gram negative rods, the resulting water uptake leads to cell death
Ex) neosporin
177
What antibiotic affects protein synthesis?
Chloramphenicol- used against a wide variety of bacteria and some rickettsial and fungi
Infections like meningitis, cholera, typhoid, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
178
What antibiotic affects protein synthesis?
Tetracycline - broad spectrum antibiotic that target the attatchment of tRNA to the 30S subunit
- they have a benzene ring formation
- they can destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of the teeth
179
What antibiotic affects nucleus acid synthesis?
Rifampin - interferes with RNA synthesis
Effective against TB, leprosy, meningitis
Cause liver damage
Body secretions turn red/orange
180
What antibiotic is affective against metabolism?
Sulfonamides - out compete folic acid components for binding sites in a bacterial enzyme
-acts as competitive inhibitor
181
What antifungal is effective for cell wall?
Caspofungin
182
What antifungal is effective for nucleic acid synthesis?
Flucytosine
183
What antifungal inhibits mitosis?
Griseofulvin -used against ring worm and athletes foot
184
What's the goal of antiprotozoal agents?
Eradicate the parasite
185
What are aminoquinolines?
Antimalarial drugs that accumulate in parasitized red blood cells -they interfere with the parasites ability to break down and digest hemoglobin
186
What is sulfonamides?
Antiprotozoal- block folic acid synthesis
187
What is nitroimidazoles?
Antiprotozoal - interfere with DNA synthesis, they are used to treat amebiasis, Giardiasis, and trichomoniasis
188
4 ways bacteria can resist
1. Alter metabolic pathway
2. Antibiotic modification- destroy antibiotic
3. Target modification - change the transport
4. Target modification - change the make up of certain parts of the bacteria so the antibiotic won't work
