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Test 1 Review- Micro > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are microorganisms collected?

A

From environment: soil, water

From clinical specimens: blood, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, urine, feces, diseases tissue

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2
Q

What are the five I’s of microbiology?

A
  1. Inoculation
  2. Incubation
  3. Isolation
  4. Inspection
  5. Identification
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3
Q

What is inoculation?

A

The implantation of microorganisms into or onto culture media

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4
Q

What is incubation?

A

Media containing inoculates are placed in temperature controlled chambers (20-40C)

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5
Q

What happens during incubation?

A

Microbes grow and multiply, producing visible growth in the media

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6
Q

What is isolation?

A

A cell separated from other cells on a nutrient surface, it will form a colony

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7
Q

What is a colony?

A

A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium arising from the multiplication of a single cell

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8
Q

What does isolation require?

A
  • medium with a firm surface
  • petri dish
  • inoculating tools

Ex) streaking

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9
Q

What is inspection and identification?

A

Microbes can be identified thru

  • microscopic appearance
  • characterization of cellular metabolism
  • genetic and immunological characteristics
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10
Q

What is a culture?

A

A propagation of microorganisms with various media

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11
Q

What is a medium?

A

A nutrient used to grow microorganisms outside their natural habitat

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12
Q

What are the physical states of media?

A
  • liquid
  • semisolid
  • solid (can convert to liquid)
  • solid (can’t convert to liquid)
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13
Q

Semisolid is to test for?

A

Motility

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14
Q

What are the different types of media?

A

Chemically defined(recipe)
Complex media (don’t know every ingredient)
Selective media
Differential media

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15
Q

What is chemically defined media?

A
  • Media whose composition are precisely chemically defined
  • contain organic and inorganic compounds
  • molecular content specified by a specific formula(recipe)
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16
Q

What is complex media?

A
  • contains at least 1 ingredient that is not chemically definable
  • extracts of animals, plants, or yeast
  • blood, serum, meat extracts, or infusions
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17
Q

What is selective media?

A

Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of a certain microbes but not others

-important when isolating a specific type of microorganism from samples containing dozens of species

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18
Q

What is differential media?

A

Allows multiple types of microorganisms to grow but are designed to display differences among those microorganisms

-it shows variations in colony size or color, media changes color, formation of gas bubbles or precipitates

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19
Q

What are methods for isolating bacteria?

A
  1. Streaking
  2. Dilution
  3. Spread plate
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20
Q

What does the objective lens do?

A

Closest to the specimen, forms the initial image called the real image

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21
Q

What does the ocular lens do?

A

Forms the second image called the virtual image that will be received by the eye and converted to the retinal and visual image

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22
Q

What is oil immersion lens?

A
  • uses oil to capture light that would otherwise be lost to scatter
  • liquid bends light onward towards lens
23
Q

What does reducing scatter do?

A

Increases resolution

24
Q

What is light field microscopy?

A

Light shining from under

25
Q

What is dark field microscopy?

A

Light shining from side (makes background dark)

26
Q

What is phase contrast microscopy?

A

See outside structures of the cell better and can move light source wherever

27
Q

What is confocal microscopy?

A

Adding dyes and bacteria will light the bacteria up while the background is dark

28
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

Shows intense detail

29
Q

Preparing specimens depends on what?

A

Condition of specimen, aims of the examiner, types of microscopy available

30
Q

What mounts allow you to observe as near to the natural habitat state as possible?

A
  1. Wet mount

2. Hanging drop

31
Q

What is a wet mount?

A

Consists of a drop or two of culture placed on a slide and overlaid with a cover slip

32
Q

What is a hanging drop?

A

A drop of culture is placed in a concave slide, Vaseline adhesive or sealant, and cover slip are used to suspend the sample

33
Q

What do short term mounts assess?

A

Size, shape, arrangement, color, and motility

34
Q

What are permanent mounts?

A

Smear technique, stains

35
Q

Who developed the smear technique?

A

Robert Koch

36
Q

What is smear technique?

A

Spread a thin film made from a liquid suspension of cells on a slide, air dry, heat fix: heat gently to kill the specimen and attach to the slide

37
Q

What dye has a positive charge?

A

Basic dyes

38
Q

What dye has a negative charge?

A

Acidic dyes

39
Q

Bacteria attract what dye?

A

Basic dyes even tho they attract negatively charged substances

40
Q

Negative vs positive staining

A

Positive: dye sticks to the specimen and gives it color

Negative: does not stick to the specimen but settles distance from its outer boundary, forming a silhouette

41
Q

Simple vs differential staining

A

Simple: only require a single dye, causes all the cells in the smear to appear more or less the same color regardless of type, reveals shape, size, and arrangement

Differential: uses 2 colored dyes; primary and counter stain, distinguish cell types or part, more complex and require additional chemical reagents to produce the desired reaction

42
Q

What are the type of differential stains?

A
  1. Gram stain
  2. Acid fast stain
  3. Endospore stain
43
Q

What is the most important differential stain?

A

Gram stain

44
Q

Who developed the gram stain?

A

Hans Christian Gram

45
Q

What does the gram stain consist of?

A

Crystal violet(primary stain),
iodine(the mordant),
alcohol rinse(decolorizer),
safranin(counterstain)

46
Q

What is a practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drug treatment?

A

Gram stain

47
Q

What is acid fast stain?

A

Differentiates acid fast bacteria (pink) from non acid fast bacteria (blue)

48
Q

What stain detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Acid fast stain

49
Q

What is endospore stain?

A

Similar to acid fast stain in that a dye is forced by heat into resistant bodies called spores or endospores

50
Q

What does endospore stain distinguish?

A

Spores and vegetative cells

51
Q

What are the special stains?

A

Capsule staining and flagellar staining

52
Q

What is capsule staining?

A
  • used to observe the microbial capsule, an unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi
  • neg. stained with India ink
53
Q

What is flagellar staining?

A
  • used to reveal tiny, slender, filaments used by bacteria for locomotion
  • flagellar are enlarged by depositing a coating on the outside of the filament and then staining it
54
Q

What are the types of electron microscopy?

A
  1. Scanning =surface ( low powered)

2. Transmission=internal

Test 1 Review- Micro (5 decks)

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