Chapter 15

Question 1

Signs of microbial infection:

Answer 1

Fever, wound exudate, mucus production, abnormal lesions

Question 2

How do you identify bacteria in patient specimens or in samples from nature?

Answer 2

Phenotypic, immunologic, genotypic

Question 3

What is phenotypic?

Answer 3

Considers macroscopic and microscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemistry

-visible trait, non-expensive, 85% accuracy, widely used

Question 4

What is immunologic?

Answer 4

Analysis of microbe using antibodies or of patients antibodies using prepackaged antigens

-Serological analysis

• immune system, circulatory and lymph system
• more expensive and accurate than phenotypic, few hours to get results

Question 5

What is genotypic?

Answer 5

Analysis of microbes DNA or RNA - most specific type

-expensive, 100% accuracy, seconds for results

Question 6

What is presumptive data?

Answer 6

Place the isolated microbe into a preliminary category

Question 7

What’s confirmatory data?

Answer 7

Pinpoint the microbes identity

Question 8

Used to enrich a pathogen present in small numbers or easily grown:

Answer 8

Specialized media

Question 9

Used for nonsterile specimens containing a diversity of bacterial species to encourage the growth of only the suspected pathogen

Answer 9

Selective media

Question 10

Used to identify definitive characteristics and fermentation patterns

Answer 10

Differential media

Question 11

Light microscopy aids in the observation of:

Answer 11

• cell shape, size, arrangement
• gram stain reaction, acid fast reaction
• endospores, granules, and capsules

Question 12

Electron microscopy can pinpoint additional structural features such as:

Answer 12

-cell wall, flagella, pili, frimbriae

Question 13

Advantages of genomic methods over phenotypic methods?

Answer 13

• culturing of microorganisms is not always necessary

- produces rapid results that are more precise than phenotypic methods

Question 14

What is viable noncultured(VNC) ?

Answer 14

Microbes that can’t be grown in the lab that are identified by genotypic methods

Question 15

Monoclonal antibodies (mAabs) can be used in:

Answer 15

• disease prevention

- immunomodulation (could controlling overactive inflammatory responses)

Question 16

Serology involves:

Answer 16

The study antigen-antibody interactions

Question 17

Serological reactions have characteristics:

Answer 17

• can help diagnose microbial infections
• titration is the dilution of antigen or antibody solution to the most favorable concentration
• the titer is the most dilute concentration of serum antibody that reacts to its antigen (a rise in the tiger ratio indicates disease)

Question 18

Agglutination involves:

Answer 18

The clumping of antigens

Question 19

Hemagglutination is used to:

Answer 19

• determine blood type

- detect viruses that cause agglutination of red blood cells

Question 20

What is fluorescent antibodies?

Answer 20

Monoclonal antibodies labeled by a fluorescent dye

Question 21

Gram Stain:

Answer 21

Uses crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, saffranin

Gram + (purple) = protein in cell wall
Gram - (pink) = lipids in cell wall
Presumptive data
Start antibiotics

Question 22

Titer tests for?

Answer 22

Antibodies

Question 23

Western blot uses:

Answer 23

Color dyes

Question 24

Fluorescent test:

Answer 24

Uses fluorescents

Question 25

Elisa:

Answer 25

Uses enzymes

Question 26

RIA uses:

Answer 26

Radioactivity

Question 27

DNA probes utilizes:

Answer 27

Unknown DNA binding to known DNA attached to color

Question 28

Fish test utilizes:

Answer 28

Unknown RNA and ribosomes mixed with known rRNA with fluorescents on it

Question 29

PCR utilizes:

Answer 29

Unknown DNA mixed with primers (known)