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Test 1 Review- Micro > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between bacteria that reside in our bodies and those that cause disease?

A

Only normal in one part of your body

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2
Q

What is disease?

A

Any change from a general state of good health for an individual

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3
Q

Infection refers to:

A

An imbalance between the host and microbe

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4
Q

Mutualism

A

Both host and microbe benefit

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5
Q

Commensalism

A

The microbe benefits and the host is unaffected

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease

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7
Q

How does disease occur?

A
  1. An exogenous infection occurs if a pathogen enters sterile tissue
  2. An endogenous infection occurs if normal microbiota enter
  3. Primary infections occur in healthy bodies ex) flu
  4. Secondary infections occur in a body weakened by a primary infection ex) pneumonia
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8
Q

Portals of entry?

A

Mouth, GI, skin, urogenital

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9
Q

Disease progression as a microbe?

A
  1. Get in
  2. Attach
  3. Survive
  4. Damage
  5. Get out
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10
Q

What is it called when a microbe establishes itself in a host and causes damage?

A

Virulence

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11
Q

Disease progression in a human?

A
  1. Incubation - entry of microbe
  2. Prodromal - mild signs/symptoms
  3. Acute period -signs and symptoms are most intense
  4. Period of decline - signs and symptoms subside
  5. Period of convalescence - body back to normal
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12
Q

Acute diseases

A

Very short ex) flu

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13
Q

Chronic disease

A

Linger for long periods of time and slower to develop ex) hepatitis

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14
Q

What is invasiveness?

A

The ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread

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15
Q

What is virulence factors?

A

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

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16
Q

Examples of virulence factors?

A

Streptokinase- dissolves fibrin clots and allows dissemination of the bacteria
Leukocidins-disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages (WBC)
Hemolysins-dissolves red blood cells
Biofilms- immune cells cannot reach bacterial cells covered in biofilm, protective structure

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17
Q

Two types of toxins:

A
  1. Exotoxins

2. Endotoxins

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18
Q

Exotoxins

A

Proteins that are secreted

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19
Q

Endotoxins

A

Released upon disintegration of bacteria

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20
Q

Chemical composition differential characteristics between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exo: small particles
Endo: lipopolysaccaride of well wall

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21
Q

Denatured by heat differential characteristics of bacterial between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exo: yes
Endo: no

22
Q

Typical sources differential characteristics of bacteria between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exo: a few gram + and gram -
Endo: all gram negative bacteria

23
Q

Localized infection

A

Microbes enter the body, remain confined to a specific tissue

Ex) boils, warts, final skin infections

24
Q

Systemic infection

A

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually the blood

Ex) mumps, rubella, chickenpox, aids, anthrax, typhoid, syphilis

25
Q

Focal infection

A

Infectious agent spreads from a local site and is carried to other tissues

Ex) TB, streptococcal pharyngitis

26
Q

Mixed infection

A

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Ex) human bite infections, wound infections

27
Q

Primary infection

A

The initial infection

Ex) can be any infection

28
Q

Secondary infection

A

A second infection caused by a different microbe, which complicates a primary infection - often a result of lowered host immune defenses

Ex) flu complicated by pneumonia, common cold complicated by bacterial otitis media

29
Q

Acute infection

A

Infection comes rapidly, with severe but short lived effects

Ex) flu

30
Q

Chronic infection

A

Infection that progresses & persists over a long period of time

Ex) HIV

31
Q

What is a sign?

A

Objective evidence of diseases as noted by an observer (what you can see)

Ex) edema, granulomas and abscesses, lymphadenyitis

32
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Subjective evidence of disease as senses by the patient (what u feel)

Ex) fever, pain, soreness, swelling

33
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms

34
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Where pathogens live

  • primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates
  • often a human or animal carrier
  • also soil, water, and plants
35
Q

What is a transmitter?

A

Individual or object from which an infection is acquired
-syphilis: reservoir and transmitter are the same

  • hepatitis: reservoir is a human, transmitter is food
36
Q

Majority of animal reservoirs are….?

A

Arthropods - fleas, mosquitos, flies, ticks

37
Q

Biological vector:

A

Actively participates in a pathogens life cycle, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle

38
Q

Mechanical vector:

A

Carries the microbes more or less accidentally on its body parts

Ex) hands and spreading it

39
Q

What’s Zoonosis?

A

Transfer of microbes b/t animals & humans

40
Q

Transmission of infections:

A

Communicable, contagious, non communicable

41
Q

What’s communicable?

A

A disease in which an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

42
Q

Contagious:

A

A disease that is highly communicable, especially they direct contact

43
Q

Non-communicable

A

An infectious disease that does not arise thru transmission of the infectious agent from host to host

44
Q

Nosocomial infection:

A

Infection acquired during hospital stay

-2-4 million cases a year resulting in 90,000 deaths

45
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of disease in populations

46
Q

Prevalence:

A

the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population

47
Q

Incidence:

A

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period

-also called the case or morbidity rate; indicates both the rate and risk of infection

48
Q

Endemic:

A

Disease is always present at a low level in a certain geographic area

49
Q

Epidemic:

A

Disease occurs in a region in excess of what is normally found in that population - not usually there

50
Q

Outbreak:

A

Is a more contained epidemic

51
Q

Pandemic:

A

Is a worldwide epidemic

Test 1 Review- Micro (5 decks)

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