FINAL EXAM Flashcards
-sone
corticosteroid
-rubicin
antineoplastic; cytotoxic agent
barbital
barbiturate (sedative)
-caine
local anesthesia
cef-; ceph-
cephalosporin antibiotic
-cillin
penicillin antibiotics
-cycline
tetracycline antibiotics
-dronate
bisphosphonate; bone resporption inhibitor
-floxacin
quinolone antibiotic
-lamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
-mycin
antibiotic; antibacterial
-olol
beta blocker
-nazole
antifungal
-lone
corticosteroid
-profen
NSAID
-triptan
antimigraine
-vir
antiviral
-vudine
antiviral; nucleoside analogues
-pam
benzodiazepine
-lam
benzodiazepine
You can determine the presence of CSF by what component?
glucose
Hemisphere of the brain responsible for language and analytical processing
Left
Hemisphere responsible for humor and visuospacial skills
Right
lobe that helps us see
occipital
lobe that helps us think
frontal
lobe that helps us touch
parietal
lobe that helps us hear
temporal
area in the brain used for speech expression
brocas area
area of the brain used to help us speak and decipher language
wernickes area
area of the brain responsible for balance and coordination
cerebellum
area of the brain responsible for sleep/wake cycle, hunger, thermoregulation and reproduction
Hypothalamus
This is responsible for arousal and awareness. Made of ascending (pain, touch temperature) and descending (motor signals to spinal cord) pathways.
Reticular Activating System
First 8 spinal nerves
cervical
middle 12 spinal nerves
thoracic
last 5 spinal nerves
lumbar (5) + sacral(5)
what part of the neuron will cause death to the neuron if damaged?
cell body
senses the body position, can be effected by parkinsons
Extrapyramidial system
Directs synapses in the brain to the correct spot
Thalamus
Vital control center of the brain (respiratory, cardiovascular, vomiting, etc)
Medulla Oblongata
carries impulses from receptor sites to CNS
sensory neurons
carries impulses from receptor site to PNS
motor neurons
Type of nervous system that is responsible for voluntary and sensory pathways and regulating the voluntary control of skeletal muscle.
Somatic
Type of nervous system that houses the sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Automonic
cholinergic neurotransmitters
muscarinic + nicotinic
adrenergic neurotransmitters
alpha and beta
expressive motor aphasia deals with what part of the brain?
Brocas Area
receptive sensory aphasia deals with what part of the brain?
Wernickes Area
Global Aphasia deals with what parts of the brain?
Brocas and Wernickes area
loss of awareness and mental capabilities but the medulla oblongata keeps the vital functions going
Vegetative state
state of being paralyzed and unable to communicate but being able to think and be aware.
locked-in state
during severe brain damage the body will respond with curling the arms like C’s and the rest of the body moves in toward the spinal cord.
Decorticate
during severe brain damage the body will respond with curling the arms like “E’s” and all the limbs facing outward.
Decerebrate
vision loss
Hemianopia
first sign of increased intracranial pressure
decreased LOC, severe headaches vomiting, papilledema
respiratory pattern signaling death
cheyne stokes
universal treatment of increased intracranial pressure
decrease fluids, mannitol, sedation, steroids to decrease inflammation
temporary short episode of impaired function. Caused by small emboli, atherosclerosis or a vascular spasm. Can be a warning sign for stroke
Transient Ischemic Attack
Infarction of brain tissue from lack of oxygen caused by an embolus or rupture in the carotid or cerebral artery.
Cerebrovascular Accidents (stroke)
Type of CVA that is caused by uncontrolled hypertension and is the least likely to reverse. The worst kind.
Hemorrhage.
localized weakness in the wall of an artery. Often aggravated by hypertension. Headaches. Rupture leads to fatal increase in intracranial pressure.
Cerebral Aneurysms
concussion with no loss of consciousness, retrograde amnesia, and can only be treated with acetaminophen.
Mild Concussion
A fracture/penetration of the brain
open head injury
injury where the skull is not fractured and only the brain tissue is injured. No head rotation.
Closed head injury
A piece of bone is below level of skull compressing the brain
Depressed Skull Fracture
fracture that occurs at the base of the skull and can cause leakage of CSF through the ears and nose.
Basilar fracture
when the brain bounces off the skull opposite the side of injury
Contrecoup Injury
Treatment of Contrecoup injuries
edema- steroids
infections- antibiotics + steroids
ICP - mannitol + brain rest
seizure type characterized by pausing and then continuing
Petit mal
seizure type characterized by muscle contractions, jerking/spasming
Myoclonic
Seizure type characterized by a “drop attack”, without movement
Akinetic
continuous seizure state
must be interrupted
can occur during all seizures
Valium and Ativan first!
Status Epilepticus
Adverse effects of anti epileptic drugs
vomiting and diarrhea risk for suicides dizziness, drowsiness, and lethargy birth defects ALT + AST effects
Therapeutic level of phenytoin (Dilantin)
10-20mcg
Therapeutic level of Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
4-12mcg
therapeutic level of Valproic Acid ( Depakote)
50-100mcg
Idiopathic inflammatory condition of the PNS characterized by amending paralysis. Recovery is spontaneous and in reverse order of onset.
Guillan Barre Syndrome
Acute inflammation of the brain caused by measles, west nile fever, lyme disease, and herpes.
Encephalitis
Treatment of Encephalitis
steroids, antiviral-cyclovir, acetaminophen
localized infection of the brain causing necrosis of the tissue; localized - frontal and temporal lobes. Treated by surgical drainage and antibiotics
Brain Abscess
Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria.
Meningitis
Signs and symptoms of Meningitis
increased ICP severe headaches fever chills vomiting seizures
Signs for Meningitis
Brudzinskis sign
Kernigs sign
Miningococcal infection
neck flexion causes flexion of knees and hip
Brudzinskis sign - Meningitis
resistance of leg extension when hips flexed
Kernigs sign - meningitis
Petechia rash
Meningococcal infection- meningitis
Parkinsons Disease Therapy should…?
Increase Dopamine Decrease Acetylcholine increase appetite improve mental status increase ADL's less intense parkinsonian manifestations
progressive degeneration of basal nuclei and substantial nigra (EPS). Decreases dopamine and increases acetylcholine. Symptoms: akinesia, bradykinesia, staggering gait, difficulty swallowing/chewing
Parkinsons Disease
Characteristics of a Cholinergic Crisis
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
Test used to diagnose cholinergic crisis or myasthenia crisis
Tension Test
Plaques and tangles of neurons inhibit the communication between nerve cells causing death of nerve cells + brain damage. Decreased levels of acetylcholine.
Alzheimers Disease
Treatment of Alzheimers Disease:
anticholinesterase drug therapy
