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Pathopharmacology Exam 1 Review > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

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2
Q

cell that builds bone and is stimulated by calcitonin

A

Osteoblast

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3
Q

cell that is stimulated by the parathyroid hormone and consumes bone (resorbs)

A

Osteoclast

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4
Q

This is released to initiate muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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6
Q

This directly controls contraction of muscles

A

Calcium

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7
Q

causes contractions or spasms of muscle

A

Hypocalcemia

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8
Q

pain causes by reduced blood flow

A

ischemic

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9
Q

connects muscle to bone and has little blood supply

A

Tendons

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10
Q

connects bone to bone and has little blood supply

A

Ligaments

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11
Q

immovable joints

A

Synarthroses (skull)

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12
Q

slightly movable joints

A

Amphiarthroses (ribs, sternum, symphysis pubis)

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13
Q

freely movable joints

A

Diarthroses (shoulder, knee, elbow)

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14
Q

fluid filled sacs located between tendons and ligaments. provides extra cushioning in the joint

A

Bursae

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15
Q

Piece of cartilage found where two bones meet (joint space)

A

Meniscus

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16
Q

diagnostic test that inserts a lens into the joint

A

Arthroscopy

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17
Q

Measures bone density

Diagnostic test for osteoporosis

A

Dexa Scan

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18
Q

Differentiate muscle disorders from neurological disorders

A

Electromyograms (EMG’s)

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19
Q

bone is broken and forms two separate pieces

A

complete break

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20
Q

partially broken bone

A

incomplete break

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21
Q

bone break that breaks open skin

A

open

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22
Q

occurs in the soft bones of children
shaft of bone is bent
tearing on one side but not through the bone

A

Greenstick fracture

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23
Q

clot forms after bleeding from broken blood vessels

basis for fibrin network for granulation tissue to grow

A

Hematoma

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24
Q

inflammatory response to a fracture, phagocytes remove debris

A

Granulation Tissue

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25
Chondroblasts form new cartilage preliminary bridge repair in bone not strong enough to bare weight
Procallus
26
Osteoblast activity whereby damaged bone is replaced by bone not scar tissue
Bony Callus
27
pathophysiology of a fracture
``` Hematoma Granulation tussue Procallus Bony Callus Remodeling ```
28
Factors that affect healing of bones
``` Amount of damage Approximation of bone ends Age Circulatory issues Diabetes Nutritional deficits Secondary problems - infection ```
29
Pulls bone ends further apart and can cause more soft tissue damage and bleeding and inflammation
Muscle Spasms
30
Results of edema during first 48 hours after trauma and casting
Ischemia
31
Occurs with crush injuries such as car accidents. Occurs with more extensive inflammation.
Compartment Syndrome
32
Occurs after fatty bone marrow escapes from bone marrow into veins during first week. Most common with pelvis and femur fractures.
Fat Emboli
33
medications for bone pain
NSAIDS
34
Reduction of the fracture using pressure and traction
closed
35
Reduction of the fracture using pins, plates, screws
open
36
Separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between the articulating bone surfaces
dislocation
37
Tear in a ligament
Sprain
38
Tear in tendons
Strain
39
complete separation from the bone
Avulsion
40
RICE
Rest Ice Compression Elevation
41
type of damage from severe trauma or tearing of periosteum
Nerve Damage
42
what causes a failure to heal
non-union | deformity- resulted from bone not being stabilized
43
fracture of epiphyseal plate
stunted growth
44
signs and symptoms of injury
swelling, tenderness, altered sensation (depending on involvement of nerves)
45
implications of surgery for third degree muscle tears
scar tissue will form | decreased flexibility and strength.
46
Causes of Osteoporosis
``` Age Menopause Decreased mobility Hormonal factors Deficits of calcium, vitamin D, or protein cigarette smoking Excessive caffeine Asiana nd caucasian ethnicity ```
47
Signs and symptoms of Osteoporosis
Compression fractures Spontaneous fractures Abnormal curvature of spine- Kyphosis + Scoliosis
48
metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and density. Bone reabsorption exceeds bone formation.
Osteoporosis
49
Treatments of Osteoporosis
Dietary supplements- Vit. D, calcium and protein. Fluoride supplements Weight bearing activity Kyphosis and Scoliosis surgery
50
Bisphosphonates have what common suffix?
-dronate
51
Medication given to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Works by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thus preventing bone loss.
Bisphosphonates
52
Implications of Bisphosphonates
Esophagitis if not taken correctly
53
How to administer Bisphosphonates
30 minutes before eating, full glass of water Patients need to be sitting or standing 30 mins after administration Nothing by mouth other than water for the next 30 mins
54
Contraindications of Bisphosphonates
Esophageal strictures and disorders Hypocalcemia Patients unable to sit or stand for 30 minutes
55
Interactions of Bisphosphonates
Calcium supplements or diary products cannot be given within 30 minutes because it will decrease adsorption
56
SERMs have what common suffix?
-oxifen or -oxifene
57
Adverse effects of SERMs
Endometrial cancer Pulmonary Emboli Deep vein thrombosis hot flashes
58
Med that increases the risk of endometrial cancer and blocks access to estrogen receptors in breast tissue.
SERMs
59
Med that stimulates estrogen receptors on bone and increases bone density. Used to treat Osteoporosis. Decreases bone loss. Decreases bone resorption.
SERMs
60
SERMs contraindications
pregnant/breastfeeding | current or past history of DVT
61
Special instructions to patients taking SERMs
Medication will need to be discontinued 72 hours before prolonged immobility such as surgery Consume adequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium
62
hormone that acts on bone to decrease osteoclast activity. used to treat osteoporosis.
Calcitonin
63
Adverse effects of calcitonin
hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reaction to fish | hypocalcemia
64
only drug on the market that stimulates bone formation and activates osteoblasts
teriparatide (Forteo)
65
side effects of hypercalcemia
nausea and vomiting constipation polyuria depression
66
adverse effects of calcium supplements
hypercalcemia | kidney stones
67
Patient instructions with calcium supplements
call with hypercalcemia increase fluids, fiber and activity do not take with other medications
68
Cause of osteomyelitis
placement of hardware | infection somewhere in the body
69
what is osteomyelitis
inflammation of muscles and bone
70
Disease characterized by the degeneration of skeletal muscle over time.
Muscular Dystrophy
71
most common form of muscular dystrophy that affects young boys
Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy
72
Signs and symptoms of Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy
motor weakness and regression waddling gait, weakness in climbing steps Gowers maneuver
73
Tests to determine muscular dystrophy
Elevates creatine kinase levels electromyography muscle biopsy
74
progression of muscular dystrophy
death usually by age 20 respiratory or cardiac failure can be prolonged by ventilator
75
degenerative disease caused by wear and tear on joints
Osteoarthritis
76
type of arthritis that does not have systematic effects
Osteoarthritis
77
Signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis
``` pain (insidious or mild) joint movement limited due to enlargement Heberdens nodes (distal, fingers) Bouchards nodes (proximal, knuckles and hands) ```
78
treatment of osteoarthritis
``` PT Massage Glucosamine-Chondroitin supplements injection of synovial fluid surgery (hip/knee replacements) ```
79
How to manage osteoarthritic pain
NSAIDS
80
Autoimmune disorder that causes chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
81
occurs in fingers, wrists, elbows and knees red, swollen, painful joint RF found in blood and synovial fluid
Rheumatoid Arthritis
82
remissions and exacerbations lead to progressive damage to joints such as...?
Ankylosis- joint fixation and deformity that develops
83
Rheumatoid Arthritis can cause what changes?
atrophy of muscles alignment of bones in the joint shifts due to erosion of cartilage Muscle spasms caused by inflammation and pain Contractors and deformity mobility suffers
84
Signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
insidious onset inflammation in fingers and wrists at first red, swollen, painful joints fatigue, anorexia, fever, generalized lymphadenopathy. aching
85
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
``` balance rest and activity PT/OT heat and cold splinting of joints during exacerbations Meds ```
86
DMARDs 1
Methotrexate
87
DMARDs 2
Etanercept (Enbrel)
88
Drugs that exhibit anti inflammatory, anti arthritic, and immunomodulating effects. Slow onset of action, several weeks. Give with NSAIDS at first.
DMARDs
89
Drug that has anticancer properties, given once a week in Arthritis patients.
Methotrexate
90
Supplement to give to patients taking methotrexate to prevent toxicity
folic acid
91
Adverse effects of Methotrexate
liver damage- bone marrow suppression increased risk of infection pulmonary fibrosis
92
symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
respiratory distress | decreased oxygenation
93
contraindications to Methotrexate
active bacterial or viral infections active or latent TB acute or chronic hep B or C patients with peptic ulcer disease
94
Methotrexate interacts with...?
alcohol- liver damage | NSAIDS, Salicylates, Sulfonamides - increase toxicity
95
What should you make sure the patient is clear of before administering Methotrexate?
TB | pregnancy (six months after treatment)
96
Monitor for what during Methotrexate treatment
reduction in pain more mobility in joints less exacerbations symptom control during periods of emotional stress
97
Adverse effects or Enbrel
headache heart failure injection site + skin reactions pancytopenia (all red, white and platelet levels decreased) may increase risk of infections - no live vaccines
98
administration on enbrel
subcutaneous injection twice weekly | may give with methotrexate
99
Contraindications of Enbrel
active infection hematologic disease malignancy
100
If Enbrel and Methotrexate are given together... what is the interaction?
bone marrow suppression increased
101
Deposits of uric acid crystals in the joint, results in inflammation of joints
Gout
102
What is Hyperuricemia
inadequate renal excretion | overproduction
103
sudden rise in uric acid precipitates an attack of what? Causing inflammation, pain, redness swelling on a single joint.
Gout
104
Medications to take during an attack of gout
NSAIDS Allopurinol (Zyloprim) colchine probenecid (Benemid)
105
medication that decreases uric acid production, prevents acute tumor lysis syndrome, and treats acute attacks of gout.
allopurinol (Zyloprim)
106
Adverse effects of allopurinol
pancytopenia exfoliative dermatitis Stvens-Johnson Syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis
107
med that reduces inflammatory response to the deposits of uric crystals in joint tissue, relieves pain, used for short term management or prevention of gout
colchicine
108
adverse effects of colchicine
short term leukopenia | gastrointestinal and urinary tract bleeding
109
med that inhibits the reabsorption of uric acid in the kidney and thus increases the excretion of uric acid, used for the prevention of gout
probenecid (Benemid)
110
high-purine foods
organ meats, bacon, beef, sardines, scallops, anchovies, broth, mincemeat, gravy, yeast, wine, beer
111
when taking probenecid, what patient precautions should be taken?
limit excessive purine foods
112
functional and structural unit in the human body, differentiated based on requirements
cells
113
Cells that have no function Deprives other cells of nutrients Expands and creates pressure on surrounding structures.
New Neoplasm Cells
114
malignancy of epithelial tissue
carcinoma
115
malignancy of connective tissue
sacroma
116
indicates a benign tumor
oma
117
type of tumor that reproduces at a higher rate
benign tumor
118
``` excapsulated expands does not spread moveable causes tissue damage not life threatening reproduces at a higher rate differentiated cells ```
benign tumor
119
``` undifferentiated nonfunctional reproduce rapidly not encapsulated no cellular connections infiltrate into surrounding tissues ```
Malignant tumors
120
cells that are programmed to spread, invade, and destroy tissue. considered immortal
malignant cells
121
tumor angiogenesis
tumor develops its own blood vessels
122
cancer risk factors
``` genetics viruses radiation chemical exposure biologic factors age diet smoking gender ```
123
viruses that could cause cancer
HPV - cervical cancer Hep B- liver cancer HIV - kaposi sarcoma
124
Warning signs of cancer
``` unusual bleeding or discharge change in a wart or mole unexplained weight loss persistent cough solid lump detected. often painless ```
125
infection around the tumor
tissue necrosis
126
severe tissue wasting
cachexia - hard to increase weight
127
systemic effects of malignant tumors
``` weight loss cachexia anemia severe fatigue infections bleeding paraneoplastic syndrome ```
128
substances released by tumor affect necrologic functioning, causes blood clotting, or have hormonal effects
paraneoplastic syndrome
129
spread of cancer to distant sites via blood or lymphatics
metastasis
130
common sites for secondary tumors
liver and lungs
131
spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes usually in body cavities
seeding
132
this is essential to determine potential treatments and outcomes of cancer
staging cancer
133
no metastasis, no lymph nodes
stage I
134
local invasion into lymph nodes; no metastasis
stage II
135
nodes involves, no metastasis
stage III
136
metastasis present in this stage
stage IV
137
treatment intended to reduce manifestations and complications related to the cancer
palliative
138
treatment used with cancers that produce secondary tumors too small to be detected
Prophylactic ex: breast cancer: follow complete removal of localized tumor with chemotherapy and radiation
139
heat is used to destroy small single tumors commonly in the lung or liver
Radiofrequency ablation
140
causes mutations or alterations in target DNA, prevents mitosis. Most effective when used to kill rapidly dividing cells. Damages blood vessels to cut off blood supply to tumor cells.
Radiation Therapy
141
Methods of radiation therapy
External - cobalt machine internal insertion of radioactive material radioisotopes in solutions placed into body cavity
142
adverse reactions to radiation therapy
bone marrow depression epithelial cell damage infertility
143
cancer therapy using 2-4 drugs at a time.
chemotherapy
144
why does chemo use 2-4 drugs at one time?
lessen adverse effects | ensure destruction of cancer cells by working at different stages of the cell cycle.
145
adverse effects of chemotherapy
``` bone marrow depression nausea and vomiting hair loss breakdown of skin and mucus membranes nutritional issues ```
146
cessation of chemotherapy until levels rise
meds are dose limiting - must have blood drawn every session
147
nutritional issues associated with chemotherapy
``` changes in taste anorexia vomiting diarrhea stomatitis ```
148
hormones taken to increase appetite, decrease fatigue and inflammation around tumor.
corticosteroids
149
when is cancer free state generally defined?
5 years remission
150
no clinical signs of cancer, client may experience several of these during treatment
remission
151
returns excess interstitial fluid and protein to blood filters and destroys unwanted material from the body fluids initiates an immune response
Lymphatic system
152
are lymphatic vessels thinner or thicker than blood vessels?
thinner
153
where do lymphatic vessels originate?
capillaries in direct contact with tissue cells
154
malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes
Lymphomas
155
What can make the incidence of lymphomas higher?
incidence is higher in adults that received radiation as children
156
``` Painless enlarged lymph node Adults 20-40 yrs Men older than 50 yrs night sweats Reed-Steinburg cells T lymphocytes appear defective and count is down ```
Hodgkins Lymphoma
157
Signs and symptoms of hodgkins lymphoma
night sweats weight loss generalized pruritis recurrent infections
158
first indicator of hodgkins lymphoma
painless enlarged lymph node
159
treatment of hodgkins lymphoma
radiation chemotherapy surgery
160
Staging of hodgekins Lymphoma
1- single lymph node affected 4- Widespread
161
Type of lymphoma distinguished by multiple node involvement in the early stages. Intestinal nodes and organs can be effected.
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
162
Lymphoma that is due to increasing numbers due to numbers associated with HIV
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
163
``` occurs in older adults involves the mature B lymphocytes insidious onset frequent infections pathologic fractures thrombocytopenia + anemia impaired kidney function ```
Multiple Myeloma
164
This condition is characterized by: Blood cell production impairment antibody production impairment multiple tumors in bone impaired kidney function
Multiple Myeloma
165
Tissues in extremities swell due to an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels and accumulation of lymph
Lymphedema
166
Causes of Lymphedema
congenital parasites -> elephantiasis structural blockage -> tumors
167
treatment of lymphedema
``` Diuretics strict bed rest massage of affected area elevation of affected extremity compression garments surgery ```
168
therapeutic index of antineoplastic drugs
narrow therapeutic index
169
normal WBC levels
5,000-10,000
170
when to hold antineoplastic drugs due to dose limiting affects
when neutrophil levels are below 500 cells/mm3
171
loss of hair
alopecia
172
emetic potential
vomiting potential
173
bone marrow cell depression
myelosuppression
174
point at which WBC's are expected to be at their lowest.
Nadir
175
what happens when a toxic solution is given through an IV and the IV dislodges causing the toxic solution to destroy tissue
Extravasation
176
what to give when premedication antineoplastic drugs
Antihistamines, corticosteroids, and acetaminophen
177
Ultimate goal of chemotherapy
kill every neoplastic cell and produce a cure is not achieved in most cases some patients immune systems may be able to clear the remaining tumor
178
common relative contraindications of chemotherapy
weakened status of patient pregnancy/fertility elderly - reduced dosing needed
179
Cell Cycle specific drugs:
antimetabolites - Methotrexate antimitotics - Vincristine Topoisomerase I Inhibitors- Ironotecan
180
these drugs work by interfering with synthesis of compounds critical to cellular reproduction. Folate antagonists.
Antimetabolites
181
contraindications of Methotrexate
active bacterial or viral infections Active or latent TB Acute or chronic hep. B or C peptic ulcer disease
182
Adverse effects of Methotrexate (6)
``` Tumor lysis syndrome Palmar-plantar synesthesia Stevens-Johnsons syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis liver damage severe bone marrow suppression ```
183
rescue drug given to treat severe bone marrow depression caused by methotrexate
Leucovorin - rapidly converts into form of folic acid which prevents the death of normal cells
184
drugs that contribute to increased methotrexate toxicity
NSAIDS Salicylates Sulfonamides
185
which is the most neurotoxic antineoplastic drug
Vincristin
186
Very Injurious to Nerves
VINcristin
187
Vincristin
Peripheral Neuropathy Extravasation Low Myelosuppression
188
adverse reaction to irinotecan
Cholinergic Diarrhea
189
cell-cycle nonspecific drugs
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) daunorubicin, doxorubicin Belomycin SERMS
190
Adverse affects of Cyclophosphamide(Cytoxan)
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Peripheral neuropathy Extravasation
191
classification of antibacterials to avoid with Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) because of similar effects.
gentamicin + aminoglycosides
192
Cytotoxic antibiotics (so toxic it can only be used for cancer)
Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, Bleomycin
193
what condition is associated with large amounts of doxorubicin?
Cardiomyopathy
194
type of cytotoxic antibiotic that causes acute left ventricular failure
daunorubicin + doxorubicin
195
what may occur when taking bleomycin?
pulmonary fibrosis
196
Hormonal neoplastic drug
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
197
Adverse effects of Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
hot flashes hypercalcemia risk for uterine cancer increased risk for thrombophlebitis & thromboembolism
198
Care of a patient undergoing therapy for cancer
double flush patients bodily secretions int he commode special spills kits to clean up even small spills health care providers should wash hands and affected areas after administration of vesicant medications.
199
Common adverse effects of toxic medications used for cancers
weight loss sores in the mouth changes in taste dryness and crackling sides of mouth
200
signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia
``` Petechiae Bruising Gum bleeding excessive or prolonged bleeding from puncture sites unusual joint pain blood in stool or urine or vomitus ```
201
Patient education on bone marrow suppression from antineoplastic drugs
Take periods of rest call with fever avoid people who are sick and recently vaccinated take drugs to accelerate WBC recovery as ordered wash fruits and veggies and make sure food is well cooked frequent oral care use soft bristled tooth brush
202
Indications of oncologic emergencies
``` fever above 100.5 and/or chills new sores or white patches in mouth swollen tongue bleeding gums new and persistent cough changes in bladder function or pattern blood in urine or stools changed in GI or bowel movements ```
203
drug classification that is used to treat cancer that increases appetite, decreases fatigue, and decreases inflammation around tumor
corticosteroids
204
syndrome caused by release of substances by tumors that affect neurological functioning
Paraneoplastic
205
agent given to treat bladder cancer
BCG
206
lymph empties into these veins
subclavian
207
term indicating cancer cells have spread from original tumor
metastasis
208
tumors complete this process to get blood supply
angiogenesis
209
name for severe tissue wasting
cachexia
210
type of blood cancer that can result from exposure to radiation
leukemia
211
electrolyte that controls contraction of muscle cells
calcium
212
preliminary bridge repair in bone
Procallus
213
this pulmonary disease can occur when taking methotrexate
fibrosis
214
adverse effects of calcium supplements that include constipation, polyuria, and nausea
hypercalcemia
215
syndrome that occurs with extensive inflammation of a fracture
compartment
216
released to initiate muscle contraction
acetylcholine
217
medication used to decrease uric acid production
allopurinol
218
this type of scan diagnoses osteoporosis
DEXA
219
medication used only to prevent outbreak of gout
probenecid
220
medication used to decrease pain with acute outbreaks of gout
colchicine
221
tear in a ligament
sprain
222
fluid filled sacs located between tendons and ligaments
bursae
223
only drug that stimulates bone formation in osteoporosis
Teriparatide
224
drug class that may cause blood clots or even endometrial cancer
SERMS
225
if patient is allergic to this, may have a hypersensitivity reaction to calcitonin
fish
226
receptors for touch, pressure, temperature and pain located close to the body surface
Exteroceptors
227
Sensory receptors that provide information around viscera located internally
Visceroreceptors
228
Provider information about body movement, orientation, and muscle strength
Proprioceptors
229
sensory receptors stimulated by touch and pressure
mechanoreceptors
230
sensory receptors impacted by various chemicals
chemoreceptors
231
warm and cold receptors stimulated by changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
232
receptors stimulated by light
photoreceptors
233
receptors that are stimulated by pain, tissue injury
Nocioceptors
234
receptors that are stimulated by changes in osmotic pressure of bodily fluids
Osmoreceptors
235
Protection of the eye:
``` bony orbit of the skull eyelashes and eyelids conjunctiva tears line eyelids ```
236
anterior cavity of the eye
aqueous humor
237
posterior cavity of the eye
vitreous humor
238
dark vascular layer interior of sclera that absorbs light for focus
Choroid
239
middle layer of the eye
uvea
240
system that helps the eye dilate
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
241
system that helps the eye constrict
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
242
inner layer of the eye that contains no pain receptors and has photoreceptor cells
retina
243
dim light, night vision (black and white)
rods
244
color vision
cones
245
reflects pressure in brain
optic nerves
246
half of the fibers from each optic nerve cross to pass to the occipital lobe in opposite hemisphere
Optic Chiasm
247
Test that assesses intraocular pressure
Tonometry
248
near sightedness | image focused in front of lens
Myopia
249
far sightedness image focused behind the retina eyeball is too short
Hyperopia
250
far sightedness associated with aging | loss of elasticity reduces accommodation
Presbyopia
251
Irregular curvature in the cornea or lens | blurred vision
Astigmatism
252
Double vision | important to treat in children to correct permanent vision problems
Strabismus
253
involuntary abnormal movement of one or both eyes | causes inner ear or cerebellar disturbances
Nystagmus
254
Double vision caused by trauma to the cranial nerves such as paralysis, stroke loss of depth perception
Diplopia
255
Infection involving hair follicle on eye lid swollen red mass warm compress can cause spontaneous recovery
Stye
256
superficial inflammation of conjunctiva lining eyelids and covering sclera can be caused by allergens, irritating chemicals, bacteria, viruses redness, itching, and excessive tearing
Conjunctivitis (Superficial)
257
Staphylococcus aureus | sclera is red with purulent discharge
Pink eye
258
caused by chlamydia trachoma's follicles form on inner surface of eyelids globally most common cause of vision loss
Trachoma
259
``` inflammation of cornea infection bacteria, viruses, parasite non-infectious minor injury wearing contact lenses too long ```
Keratitis
260
symptoms of Keratitis
eye redness + pain excessive tearing or other discharge sensitivity to light
261
Inhibition of the normal flow and drainage of aqueous humor resulting in increased intraocular pressure. Pressure against retina destroys neurons, leading to impaired vision and even blindness.
Glaucoma
262
symptoms of glaucoma
halos around lights at night loss of peripheral vision pain
263
Drugs that cause mitosis to treat Glaucoma
Cholinergic drugs
264
direct acting cholinergic drugs
acetylcholine | pilocarpine
265
adverse effects of direct acting cholinergic drugs
``` decreased visual acuity frontal headache hypotension bradycardia seizures ```
266
antidote to direct acting cholinergic drugs
Atropine Sulfate
267
Minics the sympathetic neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathomimetics
268
Used for chronic open-angle glaucoma, reduction of preoperative IOP and reduction of ocular hypertension
Sympathomimetics
269
Drug that dilates pupil and enhances the aqueous humor outflow through the canal of Schlemm
Sympathomimetics - Epinephryl
270
Adverse effects of Sympathomimetics
burning eye pain lacrimation
271
Beta Blockers have what suffix
-olol
272
Adverse effects of beta blockers
``` transient burning and discomfort blurred vision pain headache hypotension Bradycardia Bronchospasm ```
273
Administration of systemic beta blockers with high doses of what can cause additive effects?
ophthalmic beta blockers
274
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors have what suffix?
-amide
275
Patients with what allergies should avoid carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
sulfa allergies
276
Drugs that inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which reduces aqueous humor formation int eh eye. Results is decreased IOP.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
277
systemic effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
drowsiness, confusion tinnitus anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea transient myopia
278
These drugs create ocular hypotension by producing an osmotic gradient; water is forced from the aqueous and vitreous humors into the bloodstream. Result is reduced volume of intraocular fluid, thus reduced IOP.
Osmotic Diuretics
279
The first osmotic diuretic to be tried
Glycerin, then Mannitol if unsuccessful
280
Prostaglandin Agonists have what suffix?
-prost
281
These drugs have effects on eye color such as people with hazel, blue or green eyes will have permanently brown eyes.
Prostaglandin Agonists
282
Progressive opacity or clouding of the lens, interferes with light transmission. Causes blurred vision over time and causes darkening over time.
Cataracts
283
Treatment of cataracts
surgical replacement of lens
284
most common cause of visual loss in older adults
Macular Degeneration
285
Central vision becomes blurred, then lost. Due to loss of retinal cells in fovea.
Macular Degeneration
286
sound is blocked in the external ear, accumulation of wax, foreign objects or scar tissue
Conduction Deafness
287
Damage to the organ of Corti or auditory nerve, can be caused by infection or trauma or ototoxic drugs such as Gentamycin. Can also be caused by prolonged exposure to loud noise
Sensorineural Impairment
288
most common cause of age related deafness
Presbycusis
289
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity causing pressure on the tympanic membrane that may cause rupture.
Ear infection- otis media
290
Infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. usually bacterial, sometimes fungal. Purulent drainage. Hearing deficit. Pain usually increases with movement of pinna
Ear infection- otic externa
291
Inner ear disorder caused by stretching of the membranes and interfering with the function of the hair cells in the cochlea and vestibule Marked by acute episodes, followed by brief periods of relief.
Meniere's Syndrome
292
symptoms of Menieres Syndrome attack
``` severe vertigo falls nausea sweating tinnitus unilateral hearing loss ```
293
Treatment of Menieres Syndrome
``` Dimenhydrinate - during attack stress reduction avoid smoking, drinking caffeine low sodium diet mild diuretic ```
294
Medication used for acute closure and only given in ICU
Mannitol
295
Pupil responds to PNS by doing this
constrict
296
This type of vision is not lost with macular degeneration
Peripheral
297
symptom of glaucoma that appears later in the disease process
halos of light
298
medication used to treat nausea and dizziness that occurs with vertigo in Menieres syndrome
Dimenhydinate
299
Pain is elicited by moving this part of the ear in otitis external which differentiates it from otitis media
pinna
300
chief symptom of Menieres Syndrome
Vertigo
301
Infection that may occur if otitis media is left untreated
Mastoiditis
302
Medication used to treat Otitis Media for first 48 hours
Ibuprofen
303
Test done to determine intraocular pressure
Tonometry
304
Pupil responds to SNS by doing this
dilate
305
This habit can contribute to macular degeneration
smoking

Pathopharmacology Exam 1 Review (6 decks)

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