Exam 2 Content Flashcards by Sylvie Domigan

Skin layers superficial -> deep

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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layer of the skin that is avascular, and contains keratin & melanin

Epidermis

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Layer of the skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, and sensory receptors.

Dermis

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Layer of the skin that contains connective tissues, fat cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, nerves, and large blood vessels

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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Cause of goose bumps

Arrector pili muscle associated with hair follicle

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Ways to control body temperature

Vasodilatation and increased sweating

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what do sebaceous glands produce and what does it inhibit?

sebum, inhibits bacterial growth

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Functions of the skin

first line of defense
controls body temperature
synthesizes vitamin D
active in sensory perception
prevents excessive fluid loss

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causes of lesions

systemic disorders
systemic infections
allergies to food or drug
exposure to toxins

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test that detects malignancy

biopsy

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example of blood test

Scratch test (antigens injected on back to find out what you’re allergic to)

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Caused by direct irritation of skin

Contact dermatitis

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Examples of contact dermatitis

poison ivy, latex, adhesives

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Releases histamine and result is hives scattered all over. Highly pruritic.

urticaria

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How to decrease immune response to Type I Hyersensitivity

drug- antihistamine and steroids

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Inherited hay fever, pollen and asthma

Inherited tendency

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Atopic Dermatitis

Eczema

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Characterized by dry, scaly, lichenification skin on the flexor areas (elbow and knee) in adults

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

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Characterized by pruritic lesions that are moist, red, vesicular, and covered with crusts in children

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

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Onset in the teen years
Results from abnormal T-Cell activation
Lesions

Psoriasis

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Lesions start as red papule, progresses to silvery plaque. Commonly found on the face, scalp, elbows, and knees

Psoriasis

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Treatment of Psoriasis

Glucocorticoids
Tar preparations
Antimetabolite

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Infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue, area is red, swollen, painful with red streaks running up lymph vessels.

Cellulitis

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Bacterial Infections

Cellulitis
Foruncles (Boils)
Impetigo Contagiosa
Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis

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Boils in the nasal cavities can result in...?

thrombi or infection can spread to brain

Inflammatory Disorders

Contact Dermatitis Urticaria Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Psoriasis

``` Usually caused by Staph. aureus Begins at hair follicles Common on the face, neck, and back Frequently drains large amounts of puss Squeezing them can result in the spread of infection to other areas ```

Foruncles (Boils)

Transmission of this bacterial infection may occur through close physical contact or through fomites. Is characterized by lesions that begin as small vesicles that rupture to form yellowish-brownish crusty masses.

Impetigo Contagiosa

Flesh Eating Disease

Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis

Characterized by rapid tissue invasion that begins with a minor trauma/infection, then bacteria secrete enzymes that destroy tissue and toxins that cut off blood supply to tissues.

Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis

Occlusion of small blood vessels leads to....?

gangrene

Delay in treatment of Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis can cause ...?

Potential Amputation Greater tissue loss higher mortality

Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis can be confused with what minor bacterial infection?

Cellulitis

Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis can cause what in systemic toxicity?

Fever Tachycardia hypotension possible organ failure

treatment of Acute Necrotizing Fasciitis

Aggressive antibiotic therapy Excision of all infected tissue Hyperbaric chamber treatment

The test that detects malignancy

biopsy

usual cause of cold sores or fever blisters ?

HSV1

Type of chronic inflammation that has an inherited tendency and is a response to allergens

Eczema

The substance that provides water proofing to the body

Keratin

Type of wart that is caused by HPV 1-4 and is seen on the bottom of the foot

Plantar

Type of fungi that causes thrush or vaginal yeast infection

candida

Electrolyte that should by maintained at level 3.5-5.0 in the blood

Potassium

Mass of sebum, Keratin and debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle

Comedone

Tinea Unguium causes infection in this part of the body

Nails

Medication used to treat herpes infections

Acyclovir

If allergic to this substance, the Gardasil immunization is contraindicated

Yeast

What is released with a hypersensitivity reaction that causes urticaria and pruritis.

Histamine

This should be given to treat the common side effect of Amphoteracin B- primarily favor/chills

Tylenol

Type of treatment for necrotizing fasciitis

Hyperbaric

type fo lesion that contains purulent exudate

pustule

Increasing mass of collagen resulting from scar formation

keloid

sweat glands located in the axillae

appocrine

only type of drugs that actually destroys virions

immunoglobulins

another name for a boil

foruncle

Used to treat systemic fungal infections

Amphotericin B

Type of cancer cell that grows slowly and has an excellent prognosis if removed quickly

Squamous

Tingling and burning in the extremities are all signs of this

Neurotoxicity

Another name for lozenge

Troche

Another name for Tinea Corpis

Ringworm

Medication given to reduce duration of the flu

Oselatamivir

Thick, dry, leather-like surface

Lichenification

Decreased urine output and elevation of BUN and Creatinine are signs of this

Nephrotoxicity

Palpable lesion; varies in size

Nodule

Prescription medication used to treat more difficult superficial fungal infections

Ketoconazole

Malignant melanoma develops here

Melanocytes

Kaposis sarcoma occurs in individuals with this disease and other immunodeficiencies

AIDS

This may occur with certain types of HPV and is the primary reason Gardasil is given to both boys and girls.

Cancer

Monitor ALT/AST if worried about this organ

Liver

Type of dermatitis caused by irritation of the skin

Contact dermatitis

if acyclovir is taken at the first sign of a recurrent episode of herpes, this may be prevented

Breakout

Condition in which there are areas of hypo-pigmentation on the body

Vitiligo

flat lesion

macule

Time of a woman life in which HPV grows and spreads

Pregnancy

Middle layer of the skin

Dermis

Inflammatory skin condition that has lesions that are covered in silvery plaque

Psoriasis

Medication used to treat Thrush that must be swished and swallowed

nystatin

The vitamin that is synthesized by the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light

Vitamin D

Non-prescribed drug that can be used for superficial fungal infections

Miconalzole

Infection of Dermis and Subcutaneous tissue secondary to injury

Cellulitis

Following a cold sore, viral particles are present in this fluid for weeks after healing of blister

saliva

Elevated lesion with flat surface topped with scale

Plaque

oily secretion that protects us from bacterial growth

sebum

Small deep linear crack or tear in the skin

Fissure

Oseltamivir must be taken within this many days of symptoms of flu or it will do no good

two

What occurs when the individual with a skin infection spreads the lesions to other parts of the body

Autoinnoculation

type of test done to test for allergies

scratch test

another name for a blister

vesicle

One of the ways our skin controls body temperature

vasodilation

Medicine used to treat vaginal yeast infections- single dose

Fluconazole

Shallow moist cavity in epidermis

Erosion

Warning symptoms that a breakout of genital herpes is occurring

Tingling

Tinea Capitis

infection of scalp

Firm elevated lesion

papule

Cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis

Ulcer

This is delayed in children taking high doses of steroids

growth

Caused by a shift in protein and fluids into interstitial spaces

Edema

Drug that prevents platelets aggregation

Aspirin

Type of purulent exudate in solid tissue

Abscess

This odor warns patients that aspirin is no longer good to use

Vinegar

Foreign body that causes inflammation

Splinter

Skin and mucous membranes are a type of this first line of immunity

Innate

This may be lost if edema interferes with a joints ability to work

Function

Most widely prescribed oral glucocorticoid drug

Prednisone

This type of mesh forms and isolated injury

Fibrin

Types of diseases that are considered chronic inflammatory conditions

Autoimmune

Induces fever

Cytokines

Caused by pyrogen release

fever

This degree of burn involves the epidermis and part of the dermis with blisters

second

Injectable NSAID

Ketorolac

No not give aspirin to children due to increased risk for this syndrome

Reyes Syndrome

Patients with diabetes will need to increase their dosage of this drug when taking corticosteroid therapy

Insulin

Part of healing of burns

Metabolism

This degree of burn involves the epidermis and the dermis without blisters

first

Functional tissue is replaced by scab tissue in this type of healing

replacement

Type of exudate that contains microorganisms

Purulent

Given with high dose NSAID therapy to protect the stomach against ulcers

Misoprostel

Crisis that may result if steroids are rapidly withdrawn

Addison

Increase in WBC count

Leukocytosis

Dosages such as 650 mg daily or PRN are ordered to relieve this complaint

Pain

Property of NSAID that lowers fever

Antipyretic

Scar formation may result in these that fixate at joint and prevent movement

Contractures

System at risk when COX1 is blocked by NSAID action

Steroids should be discontinued this way

tapered

Type of exudate that increases risk of scar tissue

Fibrinous

Caustic chemical that causes inflammation

Acid

Generic name for a common NSAID

Ibuprofen

Common ending of glucorticoids

-sone

This organ must be watched when patient taking high doses of NSAIDS due to the fact acute failure is a possibility

Renal

Patients should take their steroids at this time of day

Morning

Symptom of adult salicylism

Tinnitus

The process of removing damaged tissue and foreign materials in burns to enhance healing

debridement

This degree of burn has charred skin

third

Fluid, carbon dioxide, and other wastes move across the capillary on the venous end based on this pressure

osmotic

Large doses of steroids may cause retention of this in the body which puts extra workload on the heart

Fluid

Severity of inflammation depends on cause and...?

Duration

Inflammation of a sprain or strain would have ..... timing?

Immediate

Fluids, electrolytes, oxygen and nutrients move across the capillary on the arterial end based on this pressure

hydrostatic

Symptom of child salicylism

drowsiness

Individuals taking high doses of NSAID therapy must discontinue therapy this many weeks in advance of surgery

one

Infection is a cause of...?

Inflammation

After using inhaled corticosteroids, the patient needs to do this to his mouth

rinse

Part of RICE therapy that reduces fluid accumulation

compression

Type of healing that occurs with minimal tissue damage

Resolution

Type of healing in which cells replaced with similar cells

regeneration

Part of RICE therapy that causes vasoconstriction

Ice

Means increased blood flow

Hyperemia

Inflammation related to sunburn would have what timing?

Delayed

This scar is formed by excessive collagen deposits

Keloid

Common ending of inflammatory disorders

-itis

Limit this drug to 3000 mg/day

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Do not apply this over Fentanyl patches or may cause an overdose

heat

Ability to withstand pain before taking action

Tolerance

Theory shows us we can modify entry of pain into brain and spinal cord

Gate Control Theory

This syndrome may occur when taking both Tramadol and SSRI's

Serotonin Syndrome

Nerve endings found in tissues that is responsible for somatic and visceral pain transmission

Nociceptors