1-13-17 Flashcards
What the patient/family states about the current/past illness.
Subjective Assessment (Symptoms)
Test Results
What is observed by the health care provider.
Objective Assessment (Signs)
Protecting healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury. Ex: Eating healthy to avoid obesity.
Primary Prevention
Intervene after an illness occurs to halt or slow the progress of disease in early stages. Ex: Taking care of diabetes so it doesn’t progress to heart problems.
Secondary Prevention
Helps people manage complicated long-term health problems such as heart disease.
Tertiary Prevention
Parts of Medical Histories
Current and prior illness Allergies Hospitalizations Treatments Specific complaints Current therapy (drugs, herbs, speech, etc)
the nurse gives the patient an anti-anxiety medication and his anxiety is lowered.
therapeutic effect
the nurse gives the patient a sleeping pill and the patient gets nauseated
side effects
the nurse gives the patient a dose of penicillin for a bacterial infection and the patient develops itching and hives
hypersensitivity
the nurse gives the patient a sleeping pill and he sleeps for 2 days
idiosyncratic
the patient has been on pain medication for terminal cancer for one month and needs an increased dose to get the same effect
tolerance
lab results show that the level of medication is above therapeutic level.
toxic reaction
the patient complains of fatigue after he starts taking his medication to decrease depression.
side effect
the nurse gives the patient a medication to decrease anxiety and the patient becomes overly anxious.
idiosyncratic
The schedule controlled substance group that has the biggest risk for abuse and is used in patient care
Schedule II
the schedule controlled substance group that has the least risk for abuse
Schedule V
the schedule controlled substance group that is never used for medical purposes
schedule I
the pregnancy category of drugs that can never be given to pregnant women
X
the pregnancy category that is the safest for pregnant women to use
A
the route of drug administration that provides the slowest rate of absorption
oral
how much of a drug will be left in the body following two half lives if the original dosage was 500 mg?
125mg
what type of enteral drug takes the longest to absorb?
entericoated
What types of enteral drugs take the quickest to absorb?
liquids
powders
buccal tabs
wafers
What kind of route requires the medication to be given under the tongue?
sublingual
What kind of route requires the medication to be given between the cheek and gum?
buccal
where is the chief location of drug metabolism in the body
liver
if a know drug is classified as an “enzyme” inducer, will the patient need a bigger or smaller dose?
bigger
if a know drug is classified as an “enzyme” inhibitor, will the patient need a bigger or smaller dose?
smaller
what kind of drug receptor interaction is a drug antidote based on?
antagonistic
what is the key to keeping the elderly and the children safe from cumulative drug effects regarding dosage?
start low and go slow
what type of drugs require routine monitoring of blood serum levels to keep the patient safe?
narrow therapeutic index
patients with G6PD deficiency should avoid drugs that cause further…
hemolysis
the patient has end stage cancer and is receiving pain medications around the clock
palliative therapy
the patient is taking insulin for his diabetes
supplemental therapy
the patient is taking blood pressure medication to keep his blood pressure within range so that he doesn’t have a stroke
maintenance therapy
the patient is receiving medications in the intensive care unit to treat his heart dysrhythmias
acute therapy
a child receives a flu vaccine
prophylactic therapy
the patient comes into the ER after a car accident and is being given IV fluids and blood products while he wait for a surgical room to open up
supportive therapy
the nurse runs two different types of medication in an intravenous infusion line and notes that the medications have clumped together
incompatibility
the patient is taking two different types of BP meds so that together they can lower his BP better than either of them alone
additive
the patient revives and anti-anxiety med and a pain reliever med in one injection prior to surgery and is so relaxed he falls asleep even though that is not the typical reaction from either medication when given alone
synergistic
narcan is given to stop the heroin from interacting at receptor sites that the patient lives
antagonistic
Unknown cause of disease Ex. Seizures
Idiopathic
Cause of disease by treatment, procedure or error. Ex: medication adverse affects, chemo treatments lead to damaged nerve cells.
Latrogenic
Promotes the development of disease, not always. Ex: smoking leads to cancer, but not always.
Predisposing factors
Presever health and prevent spread of disease. Ex: taking blood sugars and blood pressures
Prophylaxis Measures
Look at etiology and predisposing factors. Ex: vaccinations and education. Smoking cessation.
Prevention
how a disease is started
pathogenesis
no manifestations because of the great reserve capacity of organs.
subclinical state
early in development of disease, client has non-specific signs
prodromal period
Clinical evidence that a disease is present. Local vs. systemic.
Manifestation of Disease
Collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ, signs vs symptoms
Syndrome
Manifestations of disease subside, ex: chemo works well but does not cure.
Remission
Manifestations of disease increase.
Exacerbations
Conditions that triggers an acute episode. Ex: cardiac patient shovels snow and has heart palpitations.
Precipitating factors
Period of recovery and return to heathy state.
Convalescence or Rehabilitation
Probability of recovery or other outcomes. Ex: cancer has 85% chance of going into remission.
Prognosis
of people with the disease within a group
morbidity
of deaths due to disease
mortality
Infections that can be spread from person to person
Communicable disease
Decrease in size of cells, reduced tissue mass.
Atrophy
Increase in size of cells, enlargement of tissues.
Hypertrophy
Increase in number of cells. Enlarged tissue mass.
Hyperplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type. Lining of respiratory tract in smokers.
Metaplasia
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue and rate of mitosis is increased. Ex: chronic infection, precancerous change
Dysplasia
New growth, commonly called a tumor.
Neoplasia
Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues due to circulatory problems. Leads to hypoxia (reduced oxygen in tissues)
Ischemia
Necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria
Gangrene
any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism. Includes: prescribed medications, alcohol, sunscreen, and herbal remedies.
Drug
Describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure.
Chemical name
Most official name, used in drug books, only one type of name per drug. Signified by using noncaps in first word.
Generic name
The drug has a registered trademark, created by manufacturer. Drug can have several names.
Trade name
3 categories of drugs
prescription
nonprescription
controlled substance
largest category of drugs, potentially harmful unless use is supervised
prescription drugs
Drugs that are designated as safe when taken as directed. no prescription needed.
over the counter drugs
over the counter drug labeling requirements
dose, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions
Controlled substance act of 1970
Regulated controlled substances. Established classification list (schedules)
phase of drug activity where the dosage is formed (pills, liquid, powder, etc…)
Pharmaceutical Phase
what the body does to the drug during drug activity (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
pharmacokinetic phase
what the drug does to the body during drug activity. (effects)
Pharmacodynamic phase
Parenteral drugs
injectable forms
drugs that only treat a certain area (aerosols, ointments, patches, inhalers, suppositories)
topical drugs
All
Drugs
Must
Exit
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Movement of drug from site of administration to the bloodstream.
Absorption
reduces bioavailability of drug to less that 100%. Oral drugs are given in larger doses because of this effect. Only effects oral drugs that go through GI.
first-pass effect
