Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The element that constitutes the highest percentage of mass in the Earth’s crust is

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentiate between transform, divergent and convergent plate boundaries

A

Transform- plates slide Divergent- plates move away from each other Convergent- plates moves towards each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which type of soil has the smallest particle? The largest?

A

Clay, smallest. Sand, largest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The most common element found in the earth is

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Volcanic activity is mostly caused by the motion of

A

plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions called?

A

ring of fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The addition of oxygen to the early earth’s atmosphere most likely occurred through the process of

A

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is continental drift?

A

When plates move away from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the process that makes soil less productive because it increases the salt content?

A

Soil salinization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which zone of the atmosphere is where weather occurs?

A

Troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the five most abundant gases of the lower atmosphere in descending order.

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon, water vapor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pH of normal rainfall?

A

5.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acid precipitation, leaching out the metal _____, causes fish and other aquatic organisms to die from acid shock.

A

aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The ozone layer exits primarily in what section of the atmosphere?

A

Stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What types of surfaces have low albedo?

A

Dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What direction do jet streams primarily travel?

A

West to East

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which two gases were most common in the earth’s earliest atmosphere?

A

Hydrogen and helium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the order of the atmospheric layers.

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution? Give examples of each.

A

Point: origin is known and singular - pollution from a certain factory. Non point -the origins come from many different places and isn’t traced back to one source - fertilizer runoff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What molecule is the most damaging to stratospheric ozone?

A

Chlorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is ozone in the stratosphere so important?

A

The ozone layer is important because it absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, preventing most of it from reaching the earth’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do we know the composition of the atmosphere from thousands of years ago?

A

Gas bubbles trapped in ice tell what composition of the atmosphere was from thousands of years ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List several ways to reduce domestic water use.

A

Fix leaks, take shorter showers, turn off water while brushing your teeth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The release of chemicals from underground storage tanks is most likely to pollute which water source?

A

Groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

All the waters on the earth’s surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth’s surface, such as clouds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which part of the hydrologic cycle requires the input of solar energy?

A

Evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the number one use of freshwater?

A

Irrigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is brackish water?

A

Salt and freshwater mixed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How much of the earth’s surface is covered by water?

A

71%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which irrigation method currently conserves the most water?

A

Drip irrigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What substances will result in accelerated eutrophication when introduced into streams, lakes and bays?

A

Fertilizers, phosphorus, nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List the correct order of processing sanitary waste in sewage treatment plants.

A

Primary Treatment: solid separation, Secondary: biological treatment of wastewater, Tertiary: chlorination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do most industries use water for?

A

Cooling for electricity production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most domestic use of water in the United States?

A

Flushing toliets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What country would represent a large per capita water use?

A

United States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which zone of a river will have the lowest level of dissolved oxygen due to sewage being dumped in it?

A

Floodplain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What may occur if wastewater treatment plant effluent that contains nitrates and phosphates is allowed to flow into a body of water?

A

Eutrophication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the zone of saturation?

A

Phreatic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an effective alternative to chlorine for disinfecting wastewater in municipal treatment plants?

A

Ozone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are examples of units of energy?

A

BTU, kwh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is a site of a hazardous chemical dumping ground over which homes and a school were built?

A

Love Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which country currently ranks number one in both coal reserves and use of coal as an energy source?

A

China

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the largest type of domestic solid waste in the United States?

A

Paper

44
Q

Where is the site of the most serious commercial nuclear accident in the United States?

A

Three Mile Island

45
Q

What is the most common method of disposing of municipal solid wastes in the United States?

A

Landfills

46
Q

What is the location of the worst nuclear power plant accident in history?

A

Chernobyl

47
Q

What is cogeneration?

A

Production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel source

48
Q

What energy source supplies the most commercial energy in the world today?

A

Oil

49
Q

What type of pollution, if any, do nuclear power plants produce?

A

No air pollution

50
Q

What do nuclear reactors use to slow down the passage of neutrons in the reactor core?

A

Control rods

51
Q

What fuel contains the greatest amount of sulfur?

A

Coal

52
Q

What is salinization (include most common cause)?

A

Gradual accumulation of salts in upper soil layers that can stunt crop growth, lower crop yields, and can eventually kill plants and ruin the land; usually caused by inefficient irrigation

53
Q

What is a secondary outbreak?

A

A rapid increase in the population of a pest that was the prey of a target pest following the application of a pesticide to kill the target pest

54
Q

Biomagnification

A

the concentration of toxins in an organism due to its ingestion of other plants/animals in which the toxins are more widely scattered

55
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

build up within the tissues of organisms (pesticides or other chemicals)

56
Q

What is resurgence?

A

Observed when pests previously targeted and successfully controlled by pesticide recur, but in higher numbers than they did before

57
Q

What does broad spectrum mean when referring to a pesticide?

A

Targets a large variety of species

58
Q

What term can be used for disease carrying organisms?

A

Vectors

59
Q

What is LD50?

A

The dose would be required to kill 50% of the test population

60
Q

List five toxic metal pollutants.

A

Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium

61
Q

Positive feedback loops

A

causes a system to change further in the same direction (such as climate change)

62
Q

Negative feedback loops

A

causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which is it moving (such as the relationship between predators and prey)

63
Q

Fecal snow is characteristic of what city?

A

Mexico City

64
Q

What does industrialized agriculture consume a lot of?

A

Water, used for irrigation

65
Q

What kind of affect do forests have on carbon dioxide and oxygen levels?

A

Decrease carbon dioxide and increase oxygen via photosynthesis

66
Q

What is most of the grain that is grown in the United States used for?

A

Feeding cattle

67
Q

How is the diet of people in developed countries different from those in developing countries?

A

In developed countries, there are more meats and foods that require space and resources to produce, whereas in developing countries, grains and products that require few resources and little area to produce are more common

68
Q

What are population characteristics of developing countries?

A

High birth rate, infant mortality rate, and death rate, low levels of education and short life expectancy

69
Q

What is the current world population?

A

Approximately seven billion

70
Q

What is true about early-loss populations, such as fish?

A

They have very high birth rates, but also high rates of infant mortality, resulting in a steep population drop at an early age before death rates level, resulting in a concave survivorship curve

71
Q

What country has the largest population?

A

China

72
Q

In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, what generally decreases first?

A

Death rate

73
Q

What are estuaries?

A

The mouth of a river, where it flows into the ocean

74
Q

Describe the Tragedy of the Commons

A

an economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource

75
Q

What biome is the most productive and which is the least?

A

The tropical rainforest is the most productive, and the least productive are the desert and tundra

76
Q

Which biome, primarily found in the eastern United States, central Europe and eastern Asia, is home to some of the world’s largest cities and has probably endured the impact of humans more than any other biome?

A

Temperate deciduous forest

77
Q

What affect can the destruction of wetlands have on a surrounding river?

A

Increased water flow and frequency of flooding, more sediments present in water (higher turbidity)

78
Q

Which fishing technique is the most damaging to ocean ecosystems?

A

Trawl fishing; it scrapes the ocean floor and destroys ocean-bottom life

79
Q

What causes the bleaching of coral reefs?

A

Warmer water temperatures

80
Q

What part of the hydrologic cycle is the movement of water through the roots, stems and leaves of plants?

A

Transpiration

81
Q

How is the phosphorous cycle different from the other nutrient cycles?

A

Phosphorous never enters the atmosphere

82
Q

What is the direction of the flow of energy in a food chain?

A

Up; from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers to tertiary consumers

83
Q

When two species live in the same habitat and use exactly the same resources what will happen to the two species?

A

The two species will compete as the resources are limited

84
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor cools into a liquid form

85
Q

K-Selected Species

A

K species- Produce a small amount of offspring and care for them over a long period of time, have a higher life expectancy

86
Q

R-Selected Species

A

R species- produce many offspring in a short time period and a low life expectancy

87
Q

Primary Succession

A

occurs when life grows out of a previously lifeless area

88
Q

Secondary Succession

A

occurs when life grows out of an area that previously had life in it

89
Q

What are common sinks for the following elements? Carbon, phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur.

A

Carbon- Carbonate rocks and the ocean, Phosphorus- Rocks and ground, Nitrogen- The atmosphere, Sulfur- Rocks

90
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum amount of individuals an environment can hold or ‘carry’

91
Q

What affect do burning fossil fuels and deforestation have on carbon dioxide levels?

A

It increases the CO2 levels in the atmosphere

92
Q

Which country constitutes 5% of the world’s people but produces 50% of all toxic waste?

A

United States

93
Q

What does anthropocentric mean?

A

Originating from human processes or activities

94
Q

What does sustainable development mean?

A

Economic development centered around the continued use of resources in the future

95
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

96
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

The entropy of an isolated system always increases

97
Q

What are intrinsic values?

A

The idea that animals have rights and worth beyond their instrumental value

98
Q

RCRA

A

focused on managing waste at the factories and other places it is produced

99
Q

CERCLA (Superfund)

A

focused on cleaning up the hazardous waste dump sites

100
Q

FIFRA

A

regulates the manufacture and use of pesticides

101
Q

What international treaty banned the use of CFCs?

A

Montreal Protocol

102
Q

Lacey Act

A

prohibits the trading of endangered species across state lines

103
Q

CITES

A

prohibits the trading of endangered species internationally

104
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

identifies those endangered species

105
Q

Today, most of the world’s energy comes from what three sources?

A

Oil, coal, and natural gas

APES (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions