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Patho > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

patho of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • synovial inflammation and joint architecture destruction
  • rheumatoid factor: antibody against IgG fragments in most pts
  • Pannus: destructive vascular granulation tissue destructive to adjacent cartilage and bone (causes necrosis)
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2
Q

assessment of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • Pannus at the joint cavity
  • fatigue, weakness and limited ROM, morning stiffness
  • diagnosed before age 60
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3
Q

assessment of gout

A

tophi in the nodules (accumulation of crystalline deposits

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4
Q

oliguric phase of acute renal failure

A
  • elevated BUN and creatinine
  • decreased specific gravity
  • decreased GFR
  • decreased urine output
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5
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature destruction of RBCs, retention of iron and the other products of Hgb destruction, and a compensatory increase in erythropoesis

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6
Q

thalassemias

A

inherited disease that causes anemia; deficiency in Hb due to decreased sythesis of the effective chain and increased production of the ineffective chain

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7
Q

nephritic vs nephrotic syndromes

A
  • nephritic: acute onset, proteinuria, HTN, azotemia (increased BUN), renal insufficiency
  • nephrotic: hypoalbuminemia causes edema, worse proteinuria
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8
Q

cause of glomerulonephritis

A

strep

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9
Q

pancreatitis

A
  • autodigestion of the pancrease
  • starts with trypsin
  • cullen’s sign: discoloration of the abdomen and periumbilical area
  • turner’s sign: bluish discoloration of the flanks
  • guarding
  • enzymes are elevated 3x the normal amount and appear in the blood (amylase, lipase)
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10
Q

GERD can lead to…

A

Barrett esophagus, which can lead to adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

assessment of liver cirrhosis

A

liver border would feel lumpy

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12
Q

patho of liver cirrhosis

A
  • scar tissue doesn’t do what it’s supposed to- there is less blood flow through the liver, the blood backs up into the organs before the liver
  • this is portal HTN- veins from stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas merge into the portal vein
  • non-reversible
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13
Q

carpal tunnel tests

A
  • Phalen’s test: wrists together for 3 mins

- Tinel sign: light percussion on the median nerve

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14
Q

transverse fracture

A

problem with lots of bleeding to the surrounding structures (most concerning is blood vessels
-has to have tons of force

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15
Q

spiral fracture

A
  • from spinning
  • kids putting arms in washing machines
  • child abuse
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16
Q

comminuted fracture

A
  • more than one piece of bone

- need external fixation

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17
Q

segmental fracture

A

piece of the bone comes out

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18
Q

butterfly fracture

A
  • bite of the bone comes out

- seen in osteopenia, osteoporosis, bone cancer

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19
Q

impacted fracture

A

from compression (jumping out of the window and landing on feet)

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20
Q

test for osteoporosis

A

dexa scan

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21
Q

vaginitis

A

thin, grayish-white discharge with foul, fishy odor

-treat with flagyl

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22
Q

primary syphilis

A

chancre at the site of exposure

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23
Q

secondary syphilis

A

skin rash, fever, sore throat, stomatitis, nausea, loss of appetite, inflamed eyes, alopecia, genital lesions

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24
Q

tertiary syphilis

A
  • happens after a latent phase
  • localized gumma lesions, CNS lesions, CV effects
  • Gumma lesions- start as a soft ulcer, burrows down into the tissues
  • bodies reaction to the spirochete is that it tries to get rid of it, but it destroys tissue instead
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25
Q

risk of ovarian cancer

A
  • increases the older you have children
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase susceptibility
  • high fat diet and genital talc powders
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26
Q

problem with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

A

dehydration

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27
Q

Somogyi effect

A

rebound effect: sugar gets so low that body compensates and gets super high

28
Q

Dawn phenomenon

A

hyperglycemia in the morning- no bottoming out like with Somogyi effect

29
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A
  • severely high blood glucose

- body turns to fat for energy → produces ketones → ketones build up and make body acidic → DKA

30
Q

s/s of DKA

A
  • extreme thirst and dry mouth
  • frequent urination
  • high glucose levels
  • ketones in urine
  • n/v
  • Kussmal’s respirations
  • fruity odor
31
Q

problem with Grave’s disease

A

cardiac output

32
Q

thyroid storm

A
  • HR, BP, and body temp elevate to dangerously high levels

- fatal without prompt treatment

33
Q

signs of hypercalcemia

A
  • decreased memory
  • headache
  • muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes
34
Q

signs of hypocalcemia

A
  • increased bleeding tendencies
  • increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, tetany
  • seizures
  • laryngeal spasms
  • **positive Trousseau’s and Chvostek’s signs
35
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemia (HHNS)

A
  • most often from uncontrolled type 2 diabetes

- high blood sugar → body tries to get rid of it by passing it into urine → dehydration

36
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

low everything

37
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

high everything

38
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

high everything except low PH

39
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

low everything except high PH

40
Q

anisocoria

A

unequal pupil size- “blown pupil”

41
Q

retinal problems are most commonly from…

A

diabetes

42
Q

papilledema

A
  • swelling and inflammation of the optic disk

- optic disk is pale yellow to white

43
Q

central cord syndrome

A

arms more affected than the legs

44
Q

anterior cord syndrome

A

motor functions affected; touch sense not affected

45
Q

brown-sequard syndrome

A

motor function lost on that side; pain and temp sensation lost from the other side

46
Q

conus medulllaris syndrome

A

bowel, bladder, sexual function defects

47
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

A

BP gets out of control

48
Q

UMN injury

A
  • spinal reflexes still work
  • no longer modulated by the brain
  • hypertonia, spastic paralysis
49
Q

LMN injury

A
  • cells in spinal reflex damaged

- flaccid paralysis

50
Q

tonic-clonic seizures

A

muscle contraction, loss of consciousness

51
Q

absence seizure

A

disturbances in consciousness

52
Q

myoclonic seizure

A

muscles of the face, trunk, extremities contract

53
Q

tonic seizures

A

voluntary muscles of the legs and arms contract

54
Q

clonic seizures

A

bilateral, symmetric, rhythmic muscle contractions

55
Q

atonic seizures

A

loss of muscle tone

56
Q

L sided HF

A

blood backs up from left heart → lungs → right heart → body

  • body lacks blood
  • lungs fill with blood
57
Q

R sided HF

A

blood backs up from the right heart → body → left heart → lungs

  • body fills up with blood
  • lungs do not oxygenate enough blood
58
Q

worst artery to get an MI

A

lateral ascending artery (widow maker)

59
Q

Patho of Parkinson’s

A

Destruction and degeneration of nerve cells in the basal ganglia

60
Q

Crackles-fine

A
  • Late inspiration: Pneumonia or CHF

- Early inspiration: bronchitis, asthma. Emphysema

61
Q

Crackles- course

A

Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis

62
Q

High pitched wheeze (sibilant)

A

Acute asthma or chronic emphysema

63
Q

Low pitched wheezes (sonorous)

A
  • Bronchitis or single obstructions

- snoring before apnea episode

64
Q

Stridor

A

Broncharygospasm, such as with croup

65
Q

1 cause of blindness in the world

A

Entropion- lashes turning inward and sticking to sclera

66
Q

Cause of conjunctivitis

A

Staph or strep

67
Q

Stye

A

Hordeolum

Patho (10 decks)

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