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Patho > Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Imbalaces > Flashcards

Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Imbalaces Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside the cells

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cells

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells

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4
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

fluid inside the blood vessels

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5
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

third space Ex: CSF and eye

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6
Q

Thirst mechanism

A

triggered by decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity

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7
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • Promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys

- Produced by the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases re-absorption of sodium and water in the kidneys

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9
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

stimulates renal vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, increasing urinary output
-comes from the atrium in response to too much fluid in the heart

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10
Q

Isotonic

A

equal solute concentrations; no fluid shifts

  • normal saline
  • lactated ringers
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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift out of vasculature and into cell
-0.45% saline

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12
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift into ECF & vasculature and out of the cell
-5% dextrose in NS; 3% saline

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13
Q

Major illnesses caused by fluid imbalance

A

Heart Failure
Renal disease
Trauma (blood loss)

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14
Q

Therapeutic measures for illness caused by fluid imbalance

A

IV fluids
Medication (diuretics)
NPO status
NG suctioning

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15
Q

Causes of hypovolemia

A 
Inadequate fluid intake
excessive fluid losses/ dehydration
Fluid shifts
Fever
Decreased blood volume and plasma
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16
Q

Manifestations of hypovolemia

A
  • Tachy then brady
  • increased cap refill
  • outcome is shock
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17
Q

Causes of hypervolemia

A
  • Edema
  • Fluid volume excess
  • Water intoxication
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18
Q

Sodium (Na)

A
  • normal level 135-145 mEq/L
  • regulates ECF volume and osmolarity
  • water follows salt
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19
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A
  • dehydration
  • overuse of IV solutions
  • impaired renal function
  • Na administration
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20
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A
  • excessive water
  • loss of Na from vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, sweating
  • use of diuretics, renal disease
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21
Q

Manifestations of hypernatremia

A
  • increased temperature
  • increased thirst
  • irritability, agitation
  • decreased urine output
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22
Q

Manifestations of hyponatremia

A
  • anorexia, GI upset
  • poor skin turgor
  • diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness
23
Q

Chloride (Cl)

A
  • normal levels 96-106 mEq/L
  • most abundant extracellular anion
  • works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure in serum
  • Increase and decrease due to similar factors that affect Na
24
Q

Potassium (K)

A
  • normal level 3.5-5 mEq/L
  • maintains intracellular osmolarity
  • controls cell resting potential
  • small changes = cardiac muscle effects
  • works opposite of Na
25
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • Deficient excretion
  • Excessive K intake
  • Increased K release from cells
26
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A
  • Excessive K loss
  • deficient K intake
  • increased shift into the cell
27
Q

Manifestations of hyperkalemia

A
  • respiratory depression
  • abdominal cramping
  • nausea and diarrhea
28
Q

Manifestations of hypokalemia

A
  • leg cramps
  • hypotension
  • decreased bowel sounds
  • abdominal distention
  • constipation, ileus
29
Q

What will happen to blood K+ levels when the client has hyperaldosteronism?

A

Hypokalemia

30
Q

What will happen to blood K+ levels when the client has alkalosis?

A

Hyperkalemia

31
Q

What will happen to blood K+ levels when the client has an injection of epi?

A

hypokalemia

32
Q

What will happen to blood K+ levels when the client has convulsions?

A

Hypokalemia

33
Q

What will happen to blood K+ levels when the client has loop diuretics?

A

Hypokalemia

34
Q

Calcium (Ca)

A
  • normal levels 8.5-10.8 mEq/L
  • closely regulated by kidneys & parathyroid hormone
  • inverse relationship with phosphorus
  • synergistic relationship with magnesium
35
Q

Calcium is regulated by..

A
  • Vitamin K
  • parathyroid hormone
  • Calcitonin- comes form the thyroid; thyroid problems equal calcium problems
36
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A
  • increased intake or release

- deficit excretion

37
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A
  • excessive losses

- deficient intake

38
Q

Manifestations of hypercalcemia

A
  • decreased memory
  • headache
  • muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes
39
Q

Manifestations of hypocalcemia

A
  • increased bleeding tendencies
  • increased deep tendon reflexes, muscle spams, tetany
  • seizures
  • laryngeal spasms*
  • positive Trousseau’s sign
  • positive Chvostek’s sign
40
Q

Phosphorus

A
  • normal levels 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
  • bone and ATP formation
  • glucose, fat, protein metabolism
  • inverse relationship with calcium
  • acid base buffer
41
Q

Magnesium (Mg)

A
  • normal levels 1.3-2.1 mg/dL
  • cofactor in enzyme reactions
  • ATP generation
  • DNA replication
  • Blocks K+ exit from cardiac cells
  • Smooth muscle relaxant
42
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

renal failure

excessive laxative and antacid use

43
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A
  • inadequate intake
  • chronic alcoholism
  • malnutrition
  • pregnancy
  • diarrhea
  • stress
44
Q

Manifestations of hypermagnesemia

A 
Similar to hypercalcemia; think RENAL:
Reflexes decreased
EKG changes
N/V
Appearance flushed
Lethargy/drowsiness/coma
45
Q

Manifestations of hypomagnesemia

A

Similar to hypocalcemia

46
Q

Acid (H+)

A

controls respiratory rate

47
Q

Volatile acid

A

H2CO3

48
Q

Nonvolatile acid

A
  • Lactic acid: energy metabolism
  • Hydrochloric acid: digestion
  • ketoacids: “food” for brain
49
Q

pH

A
  • normal value 7.35-7.45
  • regulated by chemical buffer systems and lungs (eliminate CO2)
  • kidneys eliminate H+, reabsorb/generate HCO3-
50
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A
  • increased H+ = low pH
  • decreased bicarbonate
  • heavier breathing causes decreased PCO2
51
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A
  • decreased H+ = high pH
  • increased bicarbonate
  • lighter breathing causes increased PCO2
52
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A
  • increased PCO2
  • increased carbonic acid
  • increased H+ = low pH
  • increased bicarbonate
53
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A
  • decreased PCO2
  • decreased carbonic acid
  • decreased H+ = high pH
  • decreased bicarbonate

Patho (10 decks)

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