Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Imbalaces Flashcards
(53 cards)
Intracellular fluid
fluid inside the cells
Extracellular fluid
fluid outside of the cells
Interstitial fluid
fluid between the cells
Intravascular fluid
fluid inside the blood vessels
Transcellular fluid
third space Ex: CSF and eye
Thirst mechanism
triggered by decreased blood volume and increased osmolarity
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
- Produced by the hypothalamus
Aldosterone
Increases re-absorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
stimulates renal vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, increasing urinary output
-comes from the atrium in response to too much fluid in the heart
Isotonic
equal solute concentrations; no fluid shifts
- normal saline
- lactated ringers
Hypotonic
lower solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift out of vasculature and into cell
-0.45% saline
Hypertonic
Higher solute concentrations; causes fluids to shift into ECF & vasculature and out of the cell
-5% dextrose in NS; 3% saline
Major illnesses caused by fluid imbalance
Heart Failure
Renal disease
Trauma (blood loss)
Therapeutic measures for illness caused by fluid imbalance
IV fluids
Medication (diuretics)
NPO status
NG suctioning
Causes of hypovolemia
Inadequate fluid intake excessive fluid losses/ dehydration Fluid shifts Fever Decreased blood volume and plasma
Manifestations of hypovolemia
- Tachy then brady
- increased cap refill
- outcome is shock
Causes of hypervolemia
- Edema
- Fluid volume excess
- Water intoxication
Sodium (Na)
- normal level 135-145 mEq/L
- regulates ECF volume and osmolarity
- water follows salt
Causes of hypernatremia
- dehydration
- overuse of IV solutions
- impaired renal function
- Na administration
Causes of hyponatremia
- excessive water
- loss of Na from vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, sweating
- use of diuretics, renal disease
Manifestations of hypernatremia
- increased temperature
- increased thirst
- irritability, agitation
- decreased urine output
Manifestations of hyponatremia
- anorexia, GI upset
- poor skin turgor
- diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness
Chloride (Cl)
- normal levels 96-106 mEq/L
- most abundant extracellular anion
- works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure in serum
- Increase and decrease due to similar factors that affect Na
Potassium (K)
- normal level 3.5-5 mEq/L
- maintains intracellular osmolarity
- controls cell resting potential
- small changes = cardiac muscle effects
- works opposite of Na
