Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology > Final Exam 4 > Flashcards

Final Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which area derives from paraxial mesoderm (parachordal cartilages and occipital somites 1-4) and develops by endochondral ossification?

A

posterior chondrocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Expression of which gene characterizes the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

A

sonic hedgehog (Shh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Limb muscles derive from which source?

A

paraxial (somatic) mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Limb somatic sensory neurons derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Expression of which gene is associated with initiation of limb growth?

A

FGF10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Limb bones and cartilages derive from which source?

A

lateral somatic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somatic motor neurons that regulate limb skeletal muscle derive from which source?

A

neural tube epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most sensitive period during development for limb malformations?

A

weeks 4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maternal thalidomide ingestion early in the 4th week of pregnancy would most likely be associated with which limb anomaly?

A

amelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The pharyngeal pouches derive from which source?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The posterior one/third of the tongue principally derives from which structure?

A

posterior hypopharyngeal eminence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A cervical sinus fistula would most likely be associated with which structure?

A

tonsillar sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Taste sensation for the anterior two/thirds of the tongue is mediated by which cranial nerve?

A

CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The intermaxillary segment that forms the primary palate derives from which structures?

A

medial nasal prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The line of fusion between the lateral nasal prominences and the maxillary prominences marks the formation of which adult structure?

A

lacrimal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify the structures or areas

A

primary palate

palatal shelves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disruption of which structures would account for bilateral posterior cleft palate?

A

failed palatine shelf fushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The auricle of the ear derives from the auricular hillocks located where?

A

1st and 2nd arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which layers contribute to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The middle ear ossicles malleus and incus derive from which source?

A

1st arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The semicircular canals derive from which structure?

A

utricular portion of otic vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most axons in the vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII) represent which type of neuron?

A

bipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Identify the germ layer of origin for the lung bud.

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Although the capability for actual gas exchange is limited, the stage of lung development marked by early alveolar development and initiation of surfactant production would be the?

A

terminal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the origin of the lung Type II cells?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The pancreas develops from which embryonic layer?

A

endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which structure does not develop from the original hepatic diverticulum?

A

dorsal pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which structure derives from or in association with the dorsal mesogastrum?

A

greater omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does the spleen develop?

A

dorsal mesogastrum

30
Q

Formation of the midgut primary intestinal loop depends on which major vitelline artery derivative?

A

superior mesenteric

31
Q

Which adult organ derives from both the foregut and midgut?

A

duodenum

32
Q

Which structure derives from the caudal limb of the primary intestal loop?

A

cecum and appendix

33
Q

Failed retraction of the gut following physiological herniation results in?

A

omphalocele

34
Q

Which characteristic do the lungs, pancreas, appendix and proximal rectum all share in common?

A

epithelium derives from endoderm

35
Q

The definitive anal canal is composed of which tissues?

A

endoderm + ectoderm

36
Q

A near-term infant had a light gray shiny mass protruding from the umbilicus. This mass appears to be covered by a thin transparent membrane. Closer inspection showed the mass to consist primarily of intestinal loops. What is the diagnosis?

A

omphalocele

37
Q

Which structure develops from the ureteric bud?

A

collecting tubules

38
Q

Which structure will connect directly to the urogenital sinus at some point during embryonic development?

A

all of the above

allantois, mesonephric duct & metanephric duct

39
Q

What is the origin of the mesonephric ducts?

A

intermediate mesoderm

40
Q

What is the origin of the metanephric blastemal?

A

intermediate mesoderm

41
Q

Differentiation of the male gonads and ducts is dependent on a cascade of hormones and growth factors driven by the Y chromosome. Which sequence best describes this cascade in normal males?

A

TDF- Sertoli cells- MIS- paramesonephric tubule regression

42
Q

What is the origin of the vas deferens?

A

mesonephric ducts

43
Q

What is the origin of the prostrate gland?

A

urogenital sinus

44
Q

What is the origin of the oviducts?

A

paramesonephric ducts

45
Q

What is the origin of the distal vagina?

A

urogenital sinus

46
Q

What is the origin of the body of the uterus?

A

paramesonephric ducts

47
Q

Which structure represents the female counterpart of the male scrotum?

A

labia majora

48
Q

What is the origin of the urogenital sinus?

A

endoderm

49
Q

An early castrated male embryo supplemented with testosterone will have which duct arrangement?

A

mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts will be present

50
Q

Bonus-

A child develops a large midline cyst just above the larynx. What is the likely origin of this cyst?

A

thyroglossal duct remnant

51
Q

What are the basic roles of HOX genes, T-box genes and fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 10 and 8?

A

HOX - regulates body formation during development.
T-box - limb and heart development
FGF 10 - limb growth and wound healing
FGF 8 - forebrain

52
Q

Explain why the AER (apical ectodermal ridge) is essential to limb development and, how the AER differs from the ZPA (zone of proliferating activity)

A

it forms ectodermal cells that act as major signaling centers to ensure proper development of a limb;
ZPA is essential for maintaining AER

53
Q

What is embryonic limb rotation and why is it important?

A

it produces normal rotated limbs

54
Q

What is the most sensitive period for limb malformations and why?

A

4-5 weeks because organogenesis occurs

55
Q

What is thalidomide, what are its effects and when do they occur?

A

its a sedative, causes limb abnormality (amelia), happens in 4th week

56
Q

What is a cervical sinus fistula and how does it develop?

A

deep depression on side of neck formed by 2nd-4th pharyngeal grooves merging

57
Q

Outline the process of thyroid gland development and explain how you would distinguish between a cervical cyst and a thyroglossal cyst?

A

forms as proliferation of endodermal epithelial cells

  • cervical cyst is in thyroid
  • thyroglossal cyst is in midline mass
58
Q

Describe the embryonic origins of the adult tongue and its cranial nerve innervation

A

occipital somites (hypoglossal XII), lateral tongue buds (trigeminal), copula (facial VII), anterior hypopharyngeal eminence (glossopharyngeal IX and vagus X)

59
Q

What is the basis for salivary gland development?

A

on stomodeum ectoderm the parotid, on endoderm the submandibular and sublingual glands

60
Q

Describe the process of nasal cavity formation.

A

oronasal breaks apart and causes opening of primitive choana which connects nasal and oral cavity

61
Q

Which structures contribute to primary palate formation and what are their adult derivatives?

A

1st pharyngeal arch and frontonasal prominence-

nasal and oral cavity

62
Q

Which structures contribute to secondary palate formation

A

anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate

63
Q

Outline the embryonic origins and development of the external auditory canal and auricle of the ear

A

external auditory canal-1st groove

auricle of the ear-auricular hillocks

64
Q

What are the embryonic origins of the tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity and ossicles?

A

tympanic membrane-1st membrane
middle ear cavity-1st pouch
ossicles-arch1: malleus and incus arch2: stapes

65
Q

What kind of neurons make up most of the axons found in the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

bipolar

66
Q

Identify the germ layer of origin for the lung bud, visceral pleura, and parietal pleura

A

visceral pleura-splanchnic mesoderm

parietal pleura-somatic mesoderm

67
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula and why do they occur?

A

an abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea

68
Q

List the three primary gut tube regions and outline the major arterial supply and venous drainage routes for each region
also adult derivatives

A 
foregut
-artery: celiac
adult: pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder
midgut
-artery: superior mesenteric
adult: jejunum, ileum, cecum
hindgut
-artery: inferior mesenteric
adult: transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
Venous drainage: Portal venous system
69
Q

Describe the location of the omental bursa, greater omentum, lesser omentum, epiploic foramen of Winslow and falciform ligament

A

falciform ligament-on liver
epiploic foramen of Winslow- above stomach below liver
lesser omentum-above stomach
greater omentum-hangs down from stomach
omental bursa-formed by lesser and greater omentum

70
Q

Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, paramesonephric ducts, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands and vagina

A

seminal vesicles-mesoderm
prostate-endoderm
paramesonephric ducts-mesoderm

71
Q

Outline the major derivatives of the genital tubercle and urethral and labioscrotal folds in males vs females

A

genital tubercle becomes penis or clitoris
urethral fold becomes labia majora
labioscrotal folds become scrotum

Embryology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions