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Embryology > 3 > Flashcards

3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which vessel contributes to the definitive superior vena cava?

A

Right common cardinal vein

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2
Q

Which vessel is a primary contributor to the hepatic portal and superior mesenteric veins?

A

Right vitelline vein

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3
Q

The following blood vessels contribute to inferior vena cava formation. Which one links the subcardinal and supracardinal systems?

A

Right subsupracardinal anastomosis

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4
Q

The syndrome of left superior vena cava occurs due to which event?

A

Left anterior cardinal vein persists and right anterior cardinal vein regresses

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5
Q

Which fetal shunt links the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava?

A

Ductus venosus

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6
Q

The round ligament of the liver derives from which fetal structure?

A

Left umbilical vein

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7
Q

Which PNS pathway requires two neurons?

A

General visceral efferent

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8
Q

Why are smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance considered to be special senses?

A

Information for each is processed in a separate cortical region

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9
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS dorsal root ganglion cells?

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS somatic motor neurons?

A

Ventral basal plate neurons

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11
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS spinal cord sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Lateral basal plate neurons

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12
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Neural crest cells

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13
Q

Which support cells predominate in PNS ganglia?

A

Satellite cells

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14
Q

Which support cells predominate in spinal cord white matter?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

General somatic afferent information travels to the sensory cortex via the dorsal column pathway made up of a sequence of three neurons. the axons of the second neurons extend from the medulla to the thalamus as which tract?

A

lemniscal tract

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16
Q

The cell bodies of which neurons would be located in the paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia?

A

visceral motor postganglionic

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17
Q

Primary neurulation produces all of the following cells except?

A

microglia

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18
Q

Spinal cord alar plate neurons are classified as?

A

interneurons

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19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cells, sympathetic chain ganglion cells, sympathetic collateral ganglion cells, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, Schwann cels and Satellite cells derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

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20
Q

Spinal neural tube neuroepithelial cell proliferation results in formation of ventricular, mantle, and marginal layers. How does the mantle layer relate to adult spinal cord structure?

A

represents gray matter cell bodies

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21
Q

The embryonic tissues produced from secondary neurulation derive from which source?

A

caudal eminence (tail bud)

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22
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid flow?

A

between the pia and the arachnoid

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23
Q

Somitomeres and somites primarily derive from which source?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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24
Q

What is the correct order for the spinal meninges?

A

epidural, dural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia

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25
Q

The spinal leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

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26
Q

Failure of the neural tube to close over the entire spinal cord is?

A

Raschischisis

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27
Q

A vertebral malformation in which the dura and arachnoid layers herniate out of the vertebral canal as a fluid filled sac but the spinal cord is not displaced would be termed?

A

meningocele

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28
Q

A short, myelinated multipolar neuron would be classified as?

A

visceral motor preganglionic

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29
Q

The ependymal cells and pia combine to form the roof of the 4th ventricle as the?

A

tela chordia

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30
Q

Which nucleus is found in the brain stem but not the spinal cord?

A

special somatic afferent

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31
Q

The inferior ganglion for cranial nerve IX derives from which source?

A

petrosal placode

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32
Q

Which cranial nerve does not use basal plate derived multipolar neurons to provide general somatic efferent regulation of skeletal muscle?

A

V

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33
Q

Which cranial nerve does not develop in association with the pharyngeal arches?

A

III

34
Q

Which cranial nerve does not provide general somatic afferent information?

A

III

35
Q

Which cranial nerve provides general visceral efferent regulation of heart rate?

A

X

36
Q

The pharyngeal arch cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X all contain special visceral efferent fibers. Which other feature do all four share?

A

all contain placode and neural crest derived afferent neurons

37
Q

Which area lacks basal plate derived neurons?

A

diencephalon

38
Q

Which area is characterized by oculomotor nerve (CN III), red nuclei and substantia nigra?

A

mesencephalon

39
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi derive from which definitive brain region?

A

mesencephalon

40
Q

The cerebellum derives from which definitive brain region?

A

metencephalon

41
Q

The corpus striatum and basal nuclei derive from which definitive brain region?

A

telencephalon

42
Q

The pineal gland derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

43
Q

The optic vesicle derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

44
Q

The posterior pituitary derives from which definitive brain region?

A

diencephalon

45
Q

The cerebral aqueduct characterizes which definitive brain region?

A

mesencephalon

46
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

stomodeum surface ectoderm

47
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the lens vesicle?

A

placode ectoderm

48
Q

Why is cerebellum development unique relative to other brain regions?

A

neuroblasts migrate upward from the ventricular layer and downward from the outer germinal layer

49
Q

An infant is born with a large mass protruding from the occipital region of the skull. Examination reveals herniation of brain tissue that includes a CSF filled extension of a lateral ventricle. How would you classify this condition?

A

meningohydroencephalocele

50
Q

Cerebellar displacement as seen in Arnold-Chiari malformation is associated with which condition?

A

nonobstructive hydrocephalus

51
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the corpus striatum?

A

telencephalon neuroepithelium

52
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the lens of the eye?

A

surface ectoderm

53
Q

The axons of which cells make up the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

54
Q

The direct differentiation of mesenchyme cells into bone forming cells (osteoblasts) is classified as what type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?

A

intramembranous

55
Q

Mesenchyme cell differentiation into cartilage forming cells (chondroblasts) that create a cartilage template, followed by conversion of the cartilage template into bone is which type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?

A

endochondral

56
Q

Somites 1-4 are the occipital somites. The 4th occipital somite develops from which somitomere?

A

11

57
Q

The vertebra derive from which cell source?

A

sclerotome

58
Q

Why is spinal nerve development regarded as segmental while vertebra development is intersegmental?

A

sclerotome cells from the cranial end of one somite fuse with the caudal end of the next somite

59
Q

Name three cranial nerves that have special visceral afferent function for taste?

A

VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

60
Q

Name three cranial nerves that have special somatic afferent function and include bipolar neurons? also name the brain region of origin

A

I olfactory - telencephalon
II optic - diencephalon
VIII vestibulocochlear - metencephalon

61
Q

Which areas are characterized by the presence of large choroid plexuses?

A

lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

62
Q

The cornea is made up of an outer epithelium, a middle stroma and an inner endothelium. What is the embryonic origin of these areas?

A

surface ectoderm
mesoderm
neural crest cells

63
Q

Identify the four spinal cord alar and basal plate nuclei

A

Alar: GSA, GVA
Basal: GVE, GSE

64
Q

Identify the three new nuclei added in the brainstem

A

SSA, SVA, SVE

65
Q

List the cranial nerves that develop with the pharyngeal arches by number, name, and ganglia

A

V trigeminal - semilunar trigeminal ganglion
VII facial - geniculate ganglion; submandibular ganglion
IX glossopharyngeal - petrosal ganglion; otic ganglion
X vagus - nodose ganglion, jugular ganglion (superior); enteric ganglia
superior ganglion - neural crest

66
Q

How does CNS myelination differ from PNS myelination?

A

CNS- oligodendrocytes make myelin; 1 cell contributes myelin to many axons

PNS-Schwann cells make myelin; 1 cell contributes myelin to a single axon

67
Q

What is the fundamental difference between the paleocortex and the neocortex?

A

The paleocortex forms first and is relatively simple in structure, with three layers of cells.

The neocortex is the new cortex and is more complex in structure, with typically 6 or more layers of cells. The neocortex forms more than 90% of cortical area.

68
Q

Identify the origin of the cerebellum and cerebrum and explain why the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex are unique relative to the brainstem

A

The cerebral cortex (like the cerebellar cortex) begins development in a pattern similar to that of the spinal cord except that only alar plate cells are present

69
Q

Identify each of the following:
sulcus limitans
chorda tympani
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

A

sulcus limitans- longitudinal lateral grooves in the developing neural tube that separate basal and alar plate neurons
chorda tympani- Pathway for CN VII special visceral afferent fibers for taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal- mesencephalic GVE nucleus for cranial nerve III. controls pupil constriction

70
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system contains which nerves?

Describe the fibers?

A 
III oculomotor
VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus
Sacral - S2-S4
preganglionic- long, myelinated
postganglionic-short, unmyelinated
71
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system fibers? contains which nerves?

A 
preganglionic-short, myelinated
postganglionic-long, unmyelinated
thoracic T1-T12
lumbar L1-L2
T1-L2
72
Q

The somatic nervous system contains which nerves?

A 
III oculomotor
IV trochlear
VI abducens
XII hypoglossal
all spinal nerves (segmental)
73
Q

How does neuron divergence compare among the somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems?

A

somatic- none
parasympathetic- low
sympathetic- high

74
Q

List the number, name, and basic function of the 12 cranial nerves. Be sure to indicate those with parasympathetic function.

A

I olfactory - smell
II optic - sight
III oculomotor - eye movement
IV trochlear - eye movement
V trigeminal - facial muscles
VI abducens - eye movement
VII facial - taste, tears, saliva, facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
IX glossopharyngeal - swallowing, saliva, taste, pain/temperature
X vagus - taste, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, gut motility
XI accessory - neck muscles
XII hypoglossal - tongue muscles, speech, swallowing

75
Q

List the number, name, and functions of four cranial nerves that use basal plate derived multipolar neurons to provide general somatic efferent regulation of skeletal muscle.

A

III oculomotor - eye movement
IV trochlear - eye movement
VI abducens - eye movement
XII hypoglossal - tongue muscles

76
Q

Name the placodes that contribute to formation of cranial nerves I, V, VII, VIII, IX, and X.

A 
I - olfactory placode
V - trigeminal placode
VII - epipharyngeal (geniculate) placode I
VIII - otic placode
IX - epipharyngeal (petrosal) placode II
X - epipharyngeal (nodose) placode III
77
Q

List the cranial nerves and major tracts that characterize the pons.

A 
tracts; 
sensory - lemniscal
motor - pyramids
- transverse
CN V - VII
78
Q

Which cranial nerves provide SVA for taste in the tongue?

A

CN VII, IX, X

79
Q

What is the CSF space that characterizes the pons and medulla?

A

4th ventricle

80
Q

List the cranial nerves and major tracts that characterize the medulla?

A

tracts;
sensory - lemniscal
motor - pyramids
CN VIII - XII

81
Q

List the cranial nerves, major tracts, and CSF spaces of the mesencephalon.

A 
tracts;
-corticospinal (descending)
-medial lemniscal (ascending)
CSF space is the mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct)
CN III and IV

Embryology (11 decks)

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