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Embryology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The inner layer of the uterine wall is?

A

Endometrium

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2
Q

The fetal membranes include the?

A

Chorion, amnion, allantois, and umbilical vesicle

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3
Q

The placenta is a?

A

Fetomaternal organ

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4
Q

What are the placentas two components?

A

Fetal part and maternal part

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5
Q

The fetal part develops from where?

A

The chorionic sac (outermost fetal membrane)

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6
Q

The maternal part of placenta is derived from where?

A

The endometrium (inner layer of the uterine wall)

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7
Q

The endometrium of the uterus in a pregnant woman is the?

A

Decidua

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8
Q

Parturition is what?

A

Childbirth

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9
Q

The embryo/fetus and membranes together are called what?

A

The conceptus

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10
Q

Decidua enlarge to form what?

A

Decidual cells

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11
Q

What are the three regions of the decidua?

A

Decidua basalis, decidua capsularis, and decidua parietalis

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12
Q

The two parts of the placenta are held together by what?

A

Stem chorionic villi

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13
Q

The five principal activities of the placenta are what?

A

Metabolism (synthesis of glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acids), respiratory gas exchange, transfer of nutrients (vitamins, hormones, and antibodies), elimination of waste, and endocrine secretion (hCG) for maintenance of pregnancy

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14
Q

The common type of twins is what?

A

Dizygotic twins with two amnions, two chorions, and two placentas that may or may not be fused

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15
Q

Monozygotic twins commonly have what?

A

One chorion, two amnions, and one placenta

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16
Q

Twins with what are always monozygotic?

A

One amnion, one chorion, and one placenta

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17
Q

The umbilical vesicle and allantois are what type of structures?

A

Vestigial structures

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18
Q

What cells originate in the wall of the umbilical vesicle?

A

Primordial germ cells

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19
Q

The umbilical vesicle and allantois are both early sites of what?

A

Blood formation

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20
Q

What are the amniotic fluids three main functions?

A

A protective buffer, room for fetal movements, and fetal body temperature regulation

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21
Q

What regulates placental development that is expressed in the trophoblast and its blood vessels?

A

Homeobox genes (HLX and DLX3)

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22
Q

The decidua basalis forms the bushy area of the chorionic sac, the ________

A

Villous chorion or chorion frondosum

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23
Q

As the chorionic sac grows, the villi associated with the ___________ become compressed and soon degenerate.

A

Decidua capsularis

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24
Q

The avascular bare area produced after the decidua capsularis degenerates is called what?

A

The smooth chorion or chorion laeve

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25
Q

The fetal part of the placenta is formed by what?

A

Villous chorion or chorion frondosum

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26
Q

The maternal part of the placenta is formed by what?

A

Decidua basalis

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27
Q

The fetal part is attached to the maternal part of the placenta by what?

A

The cytotrophoblastic shell, the external layer of trophoblastic cells on the maternal surface of the placenta

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28
Q

Chorionic villi invade and erode decidua basalis thus producing wedge shaped areas of decidua called what?

A

Placental septa

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29
Q

Placental septa divide the fetal part of the placenta into irregular convex areas called what?

A

Cotyledons

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30
Q

Each cotyledon consists of what?

A

Two or more stem villi and many branch villi

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31
Q

By the end of the fourth month, the decidua basalis is almost entirely replaced by what?

A

Cotyledons (the fetal part of the placenta)

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32
Q

The decidua capsularis overlays what?

A

The chorionic sac or conceptus

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33
Q

After disappearance of decidua capsularis, smooth chorion fuses with what?

A

Decidua parietalis

34
Q

What are the four layers of the placental membrane?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, connective tissue of the villi, and endothelium of fetal capillaries

35
Q

Fetal hypoxia results primarily from what?

A

Factors that diminish either the uterine blood flow or the embryo/fetal blood flow

36
Q

What important nutrients are transferred to the embryo/fetus?

A

Glucose by active diffusion, cholesterol, fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins.

37
Q

What are the steroid hormones synthesized by the placenta?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

38
Q

The placenta takes over the production of progesterone from what?

A

The corpus luteum

39
Q

Labor is what?

A

A sequence of involuntary uterine contractions which dilate the uterine cervix.

40
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A

Dilation of cervix, expulsion of fetus, placenta expulsion

41
Q

Amniotic fluid has what critical functions for the fetus?

A

Acts as a barrier to infection, permits lung development, cushions embryo/fetus against injuries, enables fetus to move aiding muscle development, controls body temperature

42
Q

The umbilical vesicle is important for what four reasons?

A

The transfer of nutrients, blood cell development, forms primordial gut from endoderm of umbilical vesicle, primordial germ cells in it migrate to form spermatogonia in males oogonia in females

43
Q

The intraembryonic coelom becomes what during the fourth week?

A

The embryonic body cavity

44
Q

What are the three cavities of the embryonic body cavity?

A

A Pericardial cavity, a peritoneal cavity, and two pericardioperitoneal cavities

45
Q

The peritoneal cavity is connected with what and where at?

A

Is connected with the extraembryonic coelom at the umbilicus

46
Q

A double layer of peritoneum is what?

A

Mesentery

47
Q

The septum transversum is what?

A

A plate of mesodermal tissue

48
Q

What are bronchial buds?

A

The primordia of bronchi and lungs

49
Q

The primordial mediastinum consists of what?

A

A mass of mesenchyme that separates the lungs

50
Q

What are myoblasts?

A

Primordial muscle cells

51
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

A

The diaphragm

52
Q

What are the four embryonic components of the diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery of esophagus, muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

53
Q

The septum transversum composed of mesodermal tissue forms what?

A

The central tendon of diaphragm

54
Q

The septum transversum separates what?

A

The heart from the liver

55
Q

What fuses with the pleuroperitoneal membranes and also with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus?

A

The septum transversum

56
Q

What fuses with the septum transversum and also with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus?

A

The pleuroperitoneal membranes

57
Q

What develops from myoblasts that grow into the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus?

A

The crura of the diaphragm

58
Q

The right and left parts of the ____________ merges to form the peritoneal cavity

A

Intraembryonic coelom

59
Q

A birth defect (opening) in the ___________ on the left side becomes a CDH

A

Pleuroperitoneal membrane

60
Q

The embryonic pericardial cavity communicates with the peritoneal cavity through what?

A

paired pericardioperitoneal canals

61
Q

Fusion of the cranial pleuropericardial membranes with mesoderm ventral to the esophagus separates what?

A

The pericardial cavity from the pleural cavities

62
Q

Fusion of the caudal pleuroperitoneal membranes during formation of the diaphragm separates what?

A

The pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity

63
Q

The parietal layer of mesoderm lining the peritoneal cavities become what?

A

The parietal peritoneum

64
Q

The parietal layer of mesoderm lining the pleural cavities become what?

A

Parietal pleura

65
Q

The parietal layer of mesoderm lining the pericardial cavities become what?

A

Serous pericardium

66
Q

Splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the heart tube forms what?

A

The primordial myocardium

67
Q

Mesenchymal cells derived from splanchnic mesoderm proliferate and form isolated cell clusters, which soon develop into two heart tubes that join to form what?

A

The primordial vascular system

68
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart primordium?

A

The bulbous cordis, ventricle, atrium, and sinus venosus

69
Q

The truncus arteriosus is the primordium of what?

A

The primordium of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

70
Q

What are the three systems of paired veins which drain into the primordial heart?

A

The vitelline system, the cardinal veins which form the caval system, and the umbilical veins

71
Q

During the sixth to eight weeks, the pharyngeal arch arteries are transformed into the adult arterial arrangement of which arteries?

A

The carotid, the subclavian, and the pulmonary arteries

72
Q

What do vitelline veins do?

A

Return poorly oxygenated blood from the umbilical vesicle

73
Q

What do umbilical veins do?

A

Carry well-oxygenated blood from the chorionic sac to sinus venosus

74
Q

What do cardinal veins do?

A

Return poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo to the heart

75
Q

The cardinal veins constitute what?

A

The main venous drainage system of the embryo

76
Q

The superior vena cava forms from what?

A

The right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein

77
Q

The endothelial tube becomes what?

A

Endocardium or internal endothelial lining of the heart

78
Q

Epicardium is derived from what?

A

Mesothelial cells

79
Q

Development of blood and blood vessels is what?

A

Angiogenesis

80
Q

Hematopoiesis begins where?

A

The liver

Embryology (11 decks)

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