Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different types of convergence?
A
- Technological-rise of digital media & online comm networks
- Economic- merging of internet or telecomm companies w/ traditional media (NBC, Comcast)
- Cultural- process of globalization of media content
2
Q
What is the difference between vertical and horizontal organization ownership models?
A
- Vertical Organization: one movie company owns talent agencies, production studios, movie theatres, and movie rental stores, etc.
- Horizontal Organization: One thing (ex. Harry potter) released by Warner Brothers, promoted online by AOL/Time Warner, People, Time
3
Q
How has the audience changed?
A
-Audience is large, heterogeneous, and anononymous
-Audience communicates among itself
-Audience communicates with the media
Ex. Laughing doll
-Audience creates content
-Audience less anonymous
4
Q
What is user-generated content?
A
normal people post stuff online for others
5
Q
What are produsers?
A
audience who aren’t simply consumers, but produce content as well
6
Q
What is behavioral targeting?
A
advertisers tracking individuals web browsing behavior to provide ads tat closely match the topics of sites visited or searches made.
7
Q
Why is broadcast media regulated differently than print media?
A
TV: public airwaves (out there for anyone) & Print: has to be bought
8
Q
How is broadcast media regulated?
A
The FCC.
9
Q
What are the types of regulation that the media face?
A
- Ownership & control- to maintain free flow of ideas (monopolies also)
- Content & distribution- controlling content shows care in what people have access too (what kids can see, etc.)
10
Q
What did the Federal Communication Act of 1996 do?
A
Broke down restrictions on company ownership. Let companies own more things.
11
Q
Why do some media self regulate?
A
To get people to buy their stuff. If there isn’t a rating on it parents might be hesitant to buy it
12
Q
What is the regulatory system for film, music, and tv?
A
- Music: Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC)
- Film: Moving Ratings System (MPAA)
- TV: V-chip, age-plus content
13
Q
What is the homogenization hypothesis?
A
Fear that having a few corporations own the media, there will not be diversity of content
14
Q
What are the four theories of the press?
A
- Authoritarian
- Oldest theory
- Servant to the government
- Soviet Theory
- Government run
- Propaganda tool
- Libertarian Theory
- Separate institution
- Market place of ideas
- Doesn’t currently exist
- Social Responsibility Theory
- Free from government
- Social functions: political system info, self governance, info, economics, entertainment, profit
15
Q
What is the Development Theory?
A
“5th theory of the press”, some countries where it doesn’t make sense to look at the media by the 4 theories of the press. Need for restrictions to promote: industry, national identity, and partnerships
16
Q
How much do current scholars believe that the media currently affects us?
A
Mixed effects
17
Q
How much does the media affect us according to propaganda research?
A
- Bullet theory
- Powerful effects
18
Q
What did researchers learn from the People’s Choice Study? What are opinion leaders and how do they operate? What was studied?
A
Limited effects: media was a contributing factor, but secondary
- Opinion leaders: people that stood up for ideas in the public eye, made social movements possible - 1940 Presidential Election:
19
Q
What is the spiral silence theory?
A
- Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann
- Fear of isolation
- Sixth sense (to know the opinions of the group as a whole)
Explains why people are not willing to express opinions publically. Fear of isolation & sixth sense. If opinion is not in majority will usually remain silent.
20
Q
What is the catharsis theory?
A
Instead of making you more violent, media helps you get your aggression out by watching violent shows, listening to aggressive music, etc.
21
Q
What is social learning theory? What researcher is associated with it? What were the Bobo doll studies?
A
- Albert Bandura
- Media audiences, when fed stereotypes, often accept them
- Bobo dolls, children watch people be violent to dolls, they’re violent as well
22
Q
What does the hypodermic needle model suggest?
A
“Magic bullet”: messages have a profound, direct and uniform impact on individuals.
23
Q
What is the mean world syndrome?
A
Believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is because of the media
24
Q
What is the third-person effect?
A
People underestimate the effect a persuasive message will have on them personally, while over estimating the effect it will have on others.
25
What is ethnography?
A researcher interacts with participants in the study either through observation, participation, interviews, or a combination of methods, rather than being an outsider
26
What does cultivation theory suggest?
- George Gerbner
| - Media shapes and distorts people’s world view, making it seem more violent than it actually is
27
What is the diffusion of innovation theory?
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards.
28
What are semiotics?
The study of signs and symbols
29
What does uses and gratifications research consider?
Looks at WHY people use media and what people do with that media
30
What is the digital divide?
Divide amongst the older generation and younger generation with technology
31
What is a focus group?
Small groups of people are gathered to discuss a topic.
32
What is the Golden Rule?
do unto others as you want them to do to you. (Judeo Christian)
33
What is the Golden Mean? Who coined it?
moderation, finding a middle ground between two extremes, varies for every person (Aristotle)
when making ethical decisions one must find the “middle-way”-balance between 2 extremes = most ethical way
34
What is the Categorical Imperative? Who coined it?
(Kant) INTENT is the importance of ethical choice, act for benefit of others not for personal gain
35
What is Utilitarianism? Who coined it?
(John Stewart Mills) Do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Based on the consequences of the choice you make.
it’s not about your intent but about the consequence of the choice, assumes the most ethical/right action is what does the greatest good to greatest # of ppl
36
What is Veil of Ignorance?
(John Rawls)
one knows nothing about themselves & society- put them behind the veil & Rawl asks them to design a set of rules (1) everyone has liberties (2) differences- share resources w/ disadvantageous as long as advantageous for everyone else
Pursuit of justice, remove social status, race, all identifying info. Not practical.
37
What are the ethics of care?
- “Feminist ethics”
- Challenges many of the traditional ethical systems and speaks to issues in modern society and communication
Feminist ethics. emphasizes importance of relationships, caring for oneself & for others w/in context of the relationship in real life, not abstract. The one caring & the one cared for.
38
What are discourse ethics? Who coined it?
Jurgen Habermas. Communication is foundation of how we understand the world. Discourse ethics works well in an org in which there are disagreements on proper course of action. Letting people come to a shared & consensual understanding of what is true/correct
39
What is the difference between libel and slander?
- Libel: written (defenses, actual malice: reckless disregard for truth)
- Slander: spoken
40
What is intrusion?
walking into situation when ppl have reasonable expectation of privacy, including trespassing
intruding on someone’s privacy
41
What are private facts?
reporting/publishing private info. Need explicit permission to publish info (med records, sex pref)
personal information that people intended to keep private
42
What is false light?
false placement on public plaintiff (report on underage drinking and used photo of kids at mall- suggesting those kids are drinking underage-could get them in trouble)
publishing something to make them seen in a false light
43
What is appropriation?
using plaintiff’s name (perfume ad using Kim Kardashian’s name w/out permission)
when you use someone’s name or image without their permission
44
What are shield laws?
Laws that protect journalists (open record and sunshine laws)
45
What is censorship?
The act of prohibiting certain expression or content
46
What is the Miller Test? How did it come about? What does it say?
Designed as a test to figure out what counts as obscenity and what does not. Came from court case Miller v. California (1973). (1) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interest, (2) whether the work depicts/describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions, specifically defined by applicable state law, (3) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
47
How are cameras in the courtroom treated by the law at the state and federal levels?
States can allow cameras in some cases. Federal/supreme courts do not allow cameras.
Decision ultimately up to the judge.
48
What was the Times v. Sullivan case? What important concept was derived from the case?
Police commissioner sued NY Times b/c ad suggested that police used undue forces, treated people unfair in a protest. Derived Actual Malice- reckless defense for truth- to win case on libel must have actual malice, public official has to approve this & public figures
49
Who was Carla Franklin?
Cyberbullied and fought to have her bully named
50
What cyber bullying laws exist?
Few states have their own laws
51
Who was Megan Meier?
Teen who killed herself after she was cyberbullied online by a boy who turned out to be a mother
52
What is the FCC? What do they do?
- Principal communications regulatory board at the federal level
- Allocates new broadcast radio and television station
- Renews the licenses of existing stations
53
What are the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment?
- Freedom of speech
- Right to assembly
- Right to petition
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of the press
54
What are the most common reasons that books are banned?
Sexually explicit, offensive language, violence, unsuited age group
55
What is an acquisition editor?
-Acquisition editor: in charge of acquiring books to be published
56
What is a development editor?
-Development editor: works with author to improve the book
57
What is copy editor?
Copy editor: check for spelling, grammar
58
What percent of editors are women?
-Female editors: 75% of editors are women
59
What do you send when you are interested in getting your book published?
Query letters, accompanied by a chapter or two
60
Approximately when was the first U.S. newspaper published? What was it called?
Publik Occurences both foreign and domestic (1690)
61
-Where was the first major newspaper hub located?
Boston
62
-What were the characteristics of newspapers during the partisan period?
- 1783-1833,
- Newspaper took a side
- Tories vs. Whigs
- Newspapers were burned down
63
-What were the characteristics of newspapers during the penny press period?
1833-1861. Beginning of Golden Age. Benjamin Day- New York Sun, dropped newspapers to one cent- made available to masses, had reporters and used beat system, sensationalism- “sleazing it up”, tantalizing details, crime news, ads. Hearst & Pulitzer-yellow journalism- ppl made stuff up
64
What does it mean to have a hyperlocal emphasis? What newspaper time period uses this style of reporting?
When reading news content you can read much more specific info. Newspapers today.
65
When did USA Today start? How successful was it? What effect did it have on the newspaper industry? How was it different from other newspapers?
- Not very successful
- Pricey lost money for 10 years
- Began in 1982
- Significant to modern newspapers, different appearance, colorful and shorter stories
- Wrote shorter stories (avoided the “jump”-reading story & then flipping pages to continue), bold colors, appeals to younger generations
66
Who was Silence Dogood?
16 year old Ben Franklin writing humorous posts mocking colonial life, mysterious middle aged widow
67
What is the significance of the Gutenberg Bible?
-First mechanically printed book by the printing press
68
Who is Jeff Bezos?
Who is Jeff Bezos?
69
What are the different types of magazines?
- Consumer magazines: national circulation (People, Nat Geo, Time)
- Trade magazines: Specific to an industry
- PR or Corporate magazines: associated with a particular company
- E-zines: online only magazines
- Why were the early magazines significant in the
70
Why were the early magazines significant in the US?
Helped us establish a national identity
71
What is print-on-demand?
Publication of single books or tiny print runs based on customer demand, using largely automated, non-traditional book printing methods such as the color laser printer
72
-What are the news values?
- Timeliness
- Proximity
- Conflict
- Impact
- Unusual
- Human Interest
- Famous People
73
What is fairness? What does it mean in terms of giving fair coverage to both sides of an issue? Does it require you to give the same number of quotes to both sides?
Give both sides a voice but not necessarily the same amount of voice/space
74
What is objectivity?
Impartial and free of bias. Don’t write about something your involved or associated with to remain unbaised
75
What is citizen journalism?
Anybody can submit own news stories online via blogs, twitter, FB, CNN iReport, etc.
76
What were the muckrakers?
Group of journalists in later 19th cent/early 20th who investigated business & political corruption
77
What is yellow journalism?
Stories were sensationalized and often partly or wholly fabricated for dramatic purposes (style of Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers)
78
What is the Associated Press?
-Not for profit members’ cooperative by a group of six New York newspaper publishers to share the costs of gathering news through telegraphs
79
What is sensational journalism?
-News that exaggerates or features lurid details and depictions of events to increase it’s audience
80
What were newsreels? Where were they shown?
What information was in them?
How long were they, etc.
-Short 10 min films of news
-Before motion pictures
Expected events, residual events, propaganda
81
What are the different jobs in TV news?
* Anchors- reads the news to you, face of news network
* Correspondents- reporters who go and get the stories
* Producers- in charge of stacking the show and writing much of the material
* Consultants- decides whether or not the audience likes you, can fire you
* Pundits- take specific political stance & stick with it
* Digital journalists- bring in young adults to do things digitally
82
What made The Drudge Report famous?
First to leak the Clinton vs. Monica story
83
Who was Edward R. Murrow?
Radio talk-show host, reported on WWII stories, moved to television
84
-What was the early role of advertising? What did they look like?
- Directed towards merchants
| - Classifieds: no images, just text
85
-What influence did the Industrial Revolution have on advertising?
Advances in technology, diffusion of innovations, advertising surge
86
- What were patent medicines? What was the influence of patent medicines on advertising?
Puffery: Exaggerating the truth, can’t test the claim
Liquid viles promised to cure everything, contained highly addictive ingredients (alcohol, cocaine, morphine)
87
-What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. What did it do? Why was it developed?
Tested all foods & drugs before sold. passed as response to patent medicines. Created method that made sure that whenever people were to get a drug they had to have prescription. Created system that required warning labels on drugs that could be habit forming. Trade code of ethics.
88
-What is target marketing? What is circulation waste and how is it related to target marketing? How did the media develop in response to the target marketing movement?
Done in response to what was happening to television industry. Advertising was going to massive audiences. That meant that other media outlets had to figure out how to compete. Gave those people a way to compete. Focused on having a specialized audience instead of sending message out to everyone.
Circulation waste- sending out ad to audience that is never going to buy it/not interested-when you send out advertisement to everyone including people who are not interested or relevant.
89
-What are fear appeals?
-Ad’s designed to scare you into a behavioral change
90
-What are the different types of agencies? What roles do they serve?
- In-House agencies: do your own advertising within the company
- Boutique agencies: Only handles creative aspects of advertisements
- Full Service agencies: Outside a company, responsible for everything
91
What are corrective ads?
- Often required by FTC
| - Public service ads
92
What is the difference in search engine optimization and search engine marketing?
- Search engine optimization: way you set your page up, making smart choices
- Search engine marketing: paying to get your advertisement on the web
93
What is viral marketing? Is it good or bad? Why?
Word of mouth advertising
Good or bad for company, difficult to determine what type of content will be viral and what will not
94
What is a public service announcement?
Media donate time or space to organizations with a worthy purpose that ostensibly benefits the public
95
Define advertising
Ancient form of human communication designed to inform or persuade members of the public with regard to some product or service
96
What is branding?
Process of creating in the consumers mind a clear identity for a particular company’s product, logo or trademark
97
What is public relations? What are the different types of publics?
Establishing and promoting a favorable relationship with the public
* Internal public- ppl who are part of company/org
* External public- outside publics using product/service. Arthur Page set up system to keep good relations with ppl who work for org.
98
What purpose does research serve in public relations?
- Finding a program
- Testing concepts
- Campaign progress
99
What happened with the New Coke campaign?
Back fired, people hated new formula, old formula returned 79 days later
100
What are pseudo events? How do leaks operate in public relations? What is spinning? What are publicity stunts?
- Manufactured events: press conference, award ceremonies
- Leaks: information being sent to a journalist before the story comes out
- Spinning: putting ones on twist to a story
- Publicity stunts: used for grabbing attention to a particular matter
101
How do community relations operate as a public relations strategy?
Doing good things, sponsoring an event (Mark Zuckerberg $1 million to Newark Schools)
102
What is the purpose of a press release? What is a press kit? What is a pitch? How do these items operate in public relations?
- Press release: sends information out to the press. Short and catchy.
- Press kit: tools (toolbox) needed to bring to a press release
- Pitch: request to review a clients new product or do a story about the client or product
103
What are video news releases? How do they operate? Why are they controversial?
- Like a written news release, but broadcasted
- Short clips to a large part of a story
- Makes it look like the station produced the story, VNR’s.
104
What happened when Hill and Knowlton was hired by the government of Kuwait?
Hill & Knowlton hired to get American support of Kuwait in War using VNR, sold war to America, Congressional Human Rights Caucus. Nayirah (Kuwait teen of royal family)(Oct: 1990): brought her to stand to testify against Iraqi Soldiers turning over incubators in hospital, allowed justification of War for US, coached by Hill & Knowlton on what to say in testimony
105
Who developed the phonograph?
Thomas Edison
106
When did radio develop? What event helped spur the growth of radio?
- During the 1920’s
| - Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier fight
107
Who discovered Elvis?
Sam Phillips
108
What was the Day the Music Died? When did it happen? What was the effect of it?
- February 3rd, 1959
- Plane crash that killed some of the biggest rock and roll stars
- Rock lost its momentum
109
What revived rock?
The Beatles in 1963
110
What is payola?
- Paying off Dj’s to put their songs on the radio
111
-What is digital rights management (DRM)?
Technologies or security codes used to protect copyrighted works from being illegally copied
112
What is the "long tail?"
Principle that selling a few of many types of items can be as or more profitable than selling many copies of a few items
113
What is freemium?
Some content is free but require a monthly subscription
114
What is podcasting?
Permit more flexible content delivery
115
What is the most widely available medium of mass communication in the world?
Radio
116
What was the kinetoscope?
By Thomas Edison, look through a small hole and watch pictures flash by on a screen
117
-What were the technological beginnings of film? What inventors were involved? What were the contributions they made?
- Thomas Edison invented the Kinetoscope
| - Lumieres brothers
118
-What were the contributions made by the film The Great Train Robbery?
Editing.
119
Who was Charlie Chaplin? What was his career like? What happened to his career in the US?
- First actor.
- Made 35 films in one year.
- Victim of the McCarthy era, fled to Switzerland
120
-What was the Hollywood Star System? When was it in place? What did it involve?
Had to sign a contract with a single film company. Had complete control over what you were allowed to do. Could be loaned to different production studio. Started in 1930s
121
What was the relationship between actors, studios, and theaters? When did it end?
What lead to the end of the star system?
- Companies owned actors, studies and theatres.
- Ended in a court case, they could no longer have a monopoly on the theatres they owned. 1940s. Television came into play and actors decided they wanted to do Television instead. Us vs. Paramount Pictures- helped independent films survive.
122
-What type of films first had audio? What was the first significant full-length film with sound?
- Newsreels
| - First full length film: The Jazz Singer
123
-What were cartoon shorts? When and where were they shown? What was the first cartoon short? When was it produced? When did animation studios begin? Who was the animation leader in the early days? Who was the audience for shorts? What was their content?
- Started in the 1920’s. Appeared before films. First short: Princess Nicotine. Content: adult content, political or humor. Animation leader: Disney
124
-What role do unions serve in the filmmaking industry?
-Support the actors and directors, negotiate pay and benefits
125
-What are the problems that come with digital technology?
- Very expensive
| - Piracy
126
What are the benefits of digital technology?
- Realistic special effects
- Cost savings
- Netflix
- iTunes, Amazon, The Cloud
127
What advances in filmmaking have been suggested by neuroscience?
Mapping blood flow to keep your mind stimulated
128
What is product placement?
Strategically placing products in films as advertising
129
What are independent films?
Film companies not owned by bigger studios
130
Why has the movie industry been slow to embrace digital technology?
Piracy for theatres.
131
What are independent films?
Film companies not owned by bigger studios
132
How was sound incorporated into silent films?
Talkies: The Jazz Singer, first film with sound. Newsreels first to have sound
133
What lead to the development of TV?
Radio
134
When/where was TV debuted to the world?
The Worlds Fair, 1939
135
What were the original TVs like? Size? Image?
- Screen few inches wide
- Blurry reddish-orange images
- Images half the size of a business card
136
What influence did the WWII have on the development of television? What happened immediately after the war?
Wartime freeze 1939-1945
70 stations, 4-yr freeze (enforced by FCC) b/c not enough space to air all 70 channels. VHF band channels 2-13/ UHF second set of channels, both bands required
137
How much did the earliest TVs cost?
Half as much as car, by 1955 cost as much as a tire
138
What were the first broadcast networks? How did they develop? What happened to them long-term?
ABC, NBC, CBS, DuMont-flopped (no stable system in place, not real system to work with)
started out on radio & moved to TV
139
What were the quiz shows? How did they operate? What was Twenty One? Who was involved in the Twenty One scandal? How was it resolved?
- Q&A trivia shows, Herbert believed Van Doren gained answers prior
- Isolation booths w/o AC, armed police guarded answers to quizzes
- Biggest quiz show Dec. 5, 1956
- Charles Van Doren & Herbert Stempel
- Grand Jury investigation 1958, rigging wasn’t illegal, perjury was illegal
140
Why has reality TV been successful? How many television shows are reality based now?
More than ¼ of broadcast primetime, cost $1 million/hour (1/2 to 1/3 as much as scripted shows)
141
What was the first video on MTV? How did MTV operate in the early days?
Video Killed the Radio Star”-The Buggles
DJ style, constant videos, launched careers
142
How is PBS funded? When did it start?
1969
| Government, universities, other businesses, etc.
143
What made Sesame Street significant?
First show designed to educate toddlers. Involved method that worked with kids to educate them.
144
Why are ratings significant? What are sweeps?
Advertisement-effects how much can be charged for ads
Occur during Nov, Feb, May, July & pay attention to what your watching to see which shows have most viewers
145
How has the Internet influenced television?
Measuring difficulties, Coalition for innovative Media Measurement
146
Why was cable TV originally created?
Hard to reach viewers. Created so communities in hilly or remote terrain could still access television broadcasts
147
Why were the Nielsen ratings created? What effect do they have on shows?
- A way to measure how many people in various markets were watching a particular show
- Small drops in viewership could move shows to different times
148
What’s the difference in broadcast, cable, and satellite TV? Which offers the most channels?
- Broadcast: traditional means of over the air TV distribution
- Cable: communities in hard to reach places could watch TV
- Satellite: tradition terrestrial broadcast and cable television (offers the most channels)
149
Who is Bradley Manning?
Leaked military footage, two journalists are killed
150
What is Wikileaks?
Released classified documents freely, identity free
151
Who is Julian Assange?
Creator of wikileaks
152
Why was the Internet created? Who created it? What was ARPANET?
American security, create back-up sourch for all of our info if US was attacked.
Department of Defense.
First national computer network, connecting many universities for advanced, high-speed computing applications and research. Was not yet the internet but online communication.
153
What was the first email message? Approximately, when was the first email sent? What was the purpose of the common protocol? Approximately, when was the World Wide Web created? What purpose did the World Wide Web serve? What is a web browser?
- First line of keyboard for test
- 1971
- Foundation how computers would communicate with each other.
- 1989
- For academic and govt research usage What is a web browser? Turns words/images into display. Mosaic = first web browser, netscape, explorer
- Web Browser: WWW but with graphics and more user friendly
154
What are the components of interactivity?
- Human and Computer dialogue
- Simultaneous dialogue
- Audience control
155
How is revenue made online?
E-commerce, advertising ad paid content
156
What is e-commerce?
Selling things online
157
What is addiction? What happened in the addiction case of Deng Senshan?
Impairs ability to function as a whole is impaired by over-use of something
15 yrs old, World of Warcraft. Parents took Deng to bootcamp for Internet addiction. Was at bootcamp for 14 hours before died (ran 30x around gym, collapsed, then beaten, collapsed again, then beaten dead.
158
What is the digital divide? What are the components of it? What effect has the Internet had on the divide?
- Gap between the haves and have nots
- Two components: Technology access and Education
- Information wealthy become wealthier, information poor become poorer
159
What are the privacy issues related to the Internet?
Spyware, Cookies, registering
160
Who is Edward Snowden?
Computer analyst, leaked documents to journalists, charged with espionage
161
What is Net Neutrality?
Proposed legislation that all data should be treated equally
162
What is hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)?
Enables the standardized transfer of text, audio and video files, as well as email from one address to another
163
What is peer-to-peer?
All computers are considered equal and can send and receive information equally
164
What is gamification? How is it used?
Use of game-like mechanics, such as earing points, badges or rewards for doing certain actions in non-game settings
165
What is augmented reality?
Digital overlays of information on a screen that corresponds to what is being looked at in the real world through the screen
166
What is trolling?
Posting deliberately obnoxious or disruptive messages to discussion groups or other online forums simply to get a reaction from the participants
167
What is advertainment? When did it start? What purpose does it serve?
Merging entertainment function with advertisement.
mid 1990s.
-Product placement and increasing brand recognition
168
How do researchers define video games?
Elements: Graphics, sound, interface, gameplay, story
169
Why do we study video games (there are three)?
- Size of the Industry
- Popularity of Gaming
- Human to computer interaction
170
Who developed the first console? How many games were included?
Ralph Bear: one game, Fox and Hounds
171
Who manufactured and sold the console? What was the console called? How much did it cost? Approximately, when was the console sold to the public?
- Magnavox bought Fox and Hounds
| - Renamed: Odyssey, sold for $100
172
What was Pong? Who manufactured it?
- Arcade style game
| - Atari
173
What happened in the great video game crash? When did it happen?
1984, 1 in 4 homes had a console (Atari 2600).
174
What is the significance of the E.T. video game?
Everyone thought it would be a hit, people hated it, dumped in the New Mexico desert, but launched the idea of personal computers
175
What was the dominating gaming platform for the 1990s? What about the 2000s?
- 1990’s: Personal computers (multiplayer gaming)
| - 2000’s: Wii, Xbox, Playstation 3
176
What are the various ways that researchers can study games? (There were four listed on the slide.)
- Game: design choices, meaning
- Player: use of game
- Culture: a cultural object
- Ontology: philosophy of games
177
What is the purpose of political games such as September 12?
Spread a political message
178
What is the active media perspective of video games? What did Anderson and Dill find in their 2000 study of video games? How did their results contrast with Durkin and Barber’s (2002) study? What are the problems with active media research?
User of the game is actively involved, you are part of the process of media influencing you. Mediating factors- context of game (punching someone in school vs. supermario), expectation for particular genre, players interpretation (what you are expecting from video game).
Watched children playing video games ages 5-17, video games had fewer negative effects than other media types.
Weak documentation of studies.
179
What is the third screen?
Mobile phone/tablet
180
How much did the first cell phone weigh? What was its nickname? What company produced it?
2lbs, “The Brick” by Motorola
181
How much did cell phones cost in the early 1980s?
$4000
182
Why was the US behind in the growth of cell phones?
Every other nation chose the European Standard for Phones (GSM)
183
How did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 influence the cell phone industry?
Relaxed restrictions on companies, allowed companies in one industry to operate in another industry, landline companies could merge with cellular companies.
184
Why is digital transmission preferred in comparison to analog?
Analog is slower, first generation, digital is second generation
185
What is Bluetooth? What does it allow you to do? How far can a Bluetooth connection extend?
- Wireless networking
- Connect phone, computer, printer, car, etc.
- Range: 300ft
186
What is near field communication (NFC)? What does it allow you to do?
Short range radio transmitters. Allows you to send info to another NFC device. Can buy NFC stickers
187
What is the “trap and trace”concept?
Can’t listen into your phone calls but can get your call listing (phone bill) to see who you call and the duration of the call.
188
What does the USA Patriot Act do?
Fed authorities can tap your phone w/o court order, access to the websites you’ve visited.
189
How do smartphone app permissions vary from Apple to Android devices? What sorts of permissions might you grant an app developer (We discussed a couple of specific ones during class)?
* Apple- restrictive; company approval determine what Apps are in App store
* Android- less restrictive; user approves specific permissions, however, apps can gain access to location, your contacts, accounts, etc.; risk
190
What video essentially broke Youtube? How did it do it?
Gangnam Style. Youtube had to reprogram their entire sight to allow more likes on a single video
191
How do we define social media?
Social interaction and technology
192
How has social media changed the way people use media?
- Choice
- Conversation
- Curation- taking content and categorizing it to understand it better
- Creation
- Collaboration (crowdsourcing)
193
What is Web 2.0? Know some basic examples of Web 2.0.
- Second generation of the web
| - Web pages without programming expertise (blogging sites, social networking sites, wikis)
194
How has YouTube handled accusations of copyright violations?
Stricter restrictions on what can be posted and taking down videos that violate the copyright law
195
Who is Fred Figglehorn/Lucas Cruikshank? How has YouTube affected his life?
- Earned 6 figures off of his videos.
| - Has a job now doing movies and selling Fred merchandise
196
How did Rebecca Black get her start? What effect has the initial video had on her career?
- It’s Friday video
| - Turned into an overnight celebrity but quit school over bullying
197
What started the conflict in Ferguson, Missouri?
-Officer shot unarmed black teenager
198
What did the grand jury do in Ferguson?
Did not find evidence to indict the officer
199
What was the purpose of Occupy Wall Street?
Wall Street
200
What was the Arab Spring?
Demonstrations against oppressive leaderships
201
What countries were involved in the Arab Spring?
- Tunisia
- Egypt
- Libya
202
How/where did the Arab Spring start?
Fruit vendor set himself on fire in Tunisia
