Final Exam 301-390 Flashcards
____ is the term for the functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive system
Capacitation
The glycoprotein layer internal to the corona radiata surrounding the oocyte is called the
zona pelluciada
The fertilized ovum is called
zygote
The development of an embryo of fetus outside the uterine cavity is call an
ectopic pregnancy
The part of the female reproductive tract in which fertilization normally occurs is the
uterine tuve
By the end of the third day after fertilization, the fertilized egg has becomes a solid ball of cells called the
morula
the hollow ball of cells that is implanted into the uterine wall is called the
blastocyst
During the first two months of dev elopment, the developing human is called an
embryo
the primary gern layers are the
ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
The process by which 2 layered inner cells mass is converted to a structure composed of the primary gern layers is called
gastrulation
the fetal membrane that serves as an early site for blood formation and that is the source of the cells that differentiate into primitive germ cells is the _______
yolk sac
-The structure derived from the trophoblast of the blastocyst that becomes the principal embryonic part of the placenta is the
chorion
-Development of the placenta is accomplished by the _____month of pregnancy
third
-The portion of the endometrium that becomes modified following implantation is known as the
decidua
-The chorion of the placenta secretes the hormone _____, which mimics the action of LH
HCG
-The time a developing human is carried in the female reproductive tracr between fertilization and birth is called______, which is normally ____weeks
gestation; 38
-A condition that appears after the 20th week of gestation in which hypertension results from impaired renal function is called
preelampsia
-The principal hormone promoting lactation is
prolactin
-The initial low-lactose, low-fat fluid produced by the mammory glands during late pregnancy and for the first few days following delivery is called
colostrum
-The complete genetic makeup of an organism is called the
genome
-The two alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same locus on homologous chromosomes are called _____; an individual in whom the two forms are the same is said to be ______; while an individual in whom the two forms are different is said to be _______
alleles; homozygous; heterrozygous
-The physical or outward expression of a gene is called the
phenotype
-An error in meiosis called ______ occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase of the reduction division
nondisjuction
-A diploid human cell contains ____pair(s) of autosomes and _____ pair(s) of sex chromosomes
22; one
-Traits inherited on the X and/or Y chromosomes are referred to as
sex linked
-The dark-staining inactivated X chromosome seen in the nuclei of female mammlian cells is called a
barr body
-Nondisjuction of chromosome 21 results in
down sydrome
-The hormone that serves as a basis for early pregnancy tests is
HCG
-The blastocyst has three portions - the outer _____, the _______, and the internal, fluid-filled cavity called the ______
trophoblast, inner cell mass balstocele
-The embryo develops from the layer of the blastocyst called the
inner cell mass
-Projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption and digestion are called
villi
-The exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called _____; the endocrine cells of the pancreas are organized into clusters called _______
acini; pancreatic islets
-The common bile duct is formed by the union of the ________and the ________
common hepatic duct; cystic duct
-Bile is produced by the
liver
-The function of the stellate reticuloendothelial cells of the liver is
phagocytosis
-The hormone that stimulates ejection of bile from the gallbladder is
cholecystokinin
-Partially digested food passes from the ______ region of the stomach into the _______ region of the small intestine
pylorus; duodemun
-The process by which bile salts break triglycerides into one millimeter droplets is called
emulsification
-Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes produced by the
pancreas
-The substrate for salivary amylase is
starch
-The substrate for trypsin is
protein
-The substrate for sucrase is _____, which is hydrolyzed into ______ and _______
sucrose; glucose; fructose
-The last 20cm of the large intestine is called the
rectum
-The prominent bands of smooth muscle running longitudinally along the large intestine are the
taeniae coli
-The contents of the colon are moved quickly from the transverse colon into the rectum by a movement called
mass peristalsis
-The layer of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelium of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is called the
lamina propria
-Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
ascites
-The largest of the peritoneal folds that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine is the
greater omentum
-The salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and masseter muscle are the
parotid glands
-Teeth are composed primarily of a calcified connective tissue called
dentin
-The act of swallowing is also called
deglutition
-The condition in which the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus is known as a(n)
hiatal hernia
-Chief cells of the stomach produce
pepsinogen
-G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
-Folds in the gastric mucosa are called
rugae
-
the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct unite to form the
hepatopancreatic ampulla
-Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the action of the enzyme
enterokinase
-The right and left hepatic ducts are formed by the merging of smaller ducts called
bile canaliculi
-The microscopic, finger-like projections of the apical membranes of absorptive cells in the small intestine are called
microvilli
-A yellowish coloration of the sclerae and mucous membranes due to the buildup of bilirubin is called
jaundice
-The feeding and satiety centers are located in the
hypothalamus
-The term that refers to all the chemical reactions of the body is
metabloism
-Those chemical reactions that break down molecules and release energy are collectively known as _______. Those that synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones are collectively known as ______.
catabolism, anabolism
-The rate at which the resting, fasting body breaks down nutrients to liberate energy is called the
basal metabolic rate
-Transfer of heat between objects without physical contact is called
radiation
-Transfer of heat between solid objects in contact with each other is called
conduction
-The fever producing substance is called a
pyrogen
-The effect of ingested food on metabolic rate is called
specific dynamic action
-The lowering of body temperature below thirty-five degrees Centigrade is called
hypothermia
-Formation of ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate phosphorylated compound to ADP is called ________ phosphorylation
substate level
-Formation of ATP via energy released during the reactions of the electron transport chain is called _______ phosphorylation
oxidative
-The oxidation of glucose by cells is also called
cellular respiration
-Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to
pyruvic acid
-Loss of a molecule of carbon dioxide by a substance is called
decaboxylation
-When acetyl CoA enters the Kreb’s cycle, the acetyl unit combines with _________to form ________
oxaloacetic acid, citric acid
-During the Kreb’s cycle, two molecules of _____ are generated by substrate-level phosphorylation
GPT
-The linking of ATP generation with the pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes is called
chemiosmosis
-Iron-containing proteins involved in the reactions of the electron transport chain are called
cytochromes
-The complete aerobic oxidation of glucose yields _____ and ______
carbon dioxide, water
-The theoretical maximum number of ATP molecules produced as a result of the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule is
38
-Glycogen is stored in the ______ and the _______
liver, skeletal muscle tissue
-The process by which new glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources is called
gluconeogenesis
-The process by which fatty acids are catabolized to two-carbon fragments is called
beta oxidation
-Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are collectively known as
ketone bodies
-Lipogenesis is stimulated by the hormone
insulin
-During the deanimation of proteins, an amino group is removed and converted to _______, which is then converted to _____by the liver
ammonia, urea
-During the postabsorptive state, blood glucose levels are normally maintained at _______per 100mL
70-110 mg
-The breakdown of proteins, particularly in skeletal muscle fibbers, is stimulated primarily by the hormone
cortisol
-The most abundant cation in the body is
calcium ion
-The vitamin that is essential for the formation of photopigments is
vitamin A
