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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Exam 201-300 > Flashcards

Final Exam 201-300 Flashcards

1
Q

The bony part of the bridge of the nose is formed by the

A

nasal bones

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2
Q

Alveolar processes are seen on two facial bones, the ______ and the ______

A

mandible; maxilla

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3
Q

Two foramina in the mandible that are important sites for injection of dental anesthetics are the mandibular foramen and the ______foramen.

A

mental

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4
Q

A triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum is the

A

vomer

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5
Q

A bone located between the mandible and the larynx is the ______ bone

A

hyoid

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6
Q

The adult vertebral column consists of ____cervical vertebrae, _______thoracic vertebrae, _______lumbar vertebrae, _______sacral vertebrae fused into one, and ______coccygeal vertebrae fused into one or two bones.

A

7; 12; 5; 5; 4

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7
Q

The anteriorly concave curves of the vertebral column are the _______ and the _______

A

thoracic; sacral

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8
Q

The two short, thick processes between the body and laminae of a vertebra are the

A

pedicles

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9
Q

The largest vertebral foramina are found in the vertebrae of the _____region

A

cervical

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10
Q

An increase in abdominal weight may cause an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature of the spine known as swayback, or

A

lordosis

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11
Q

The functional classification of joints defined as slightly movable is the

A

amphiarthrosis

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12
Q

A fibrous joint uniting the bones of the skull is a

A

suture

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13
Q

The angle between articulating bones is decreased by a movement called

A

flexion

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14
Q

A bone moves away from the body’s midline during

A

abduction

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15
Q

Any painful state of the body’s supporting structures is known as

A

rheumatism

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16
Q

A degenerative joint disease that results from the combined effects of aging, irritation of joints, wear and abrasion, is

A

osteoarthritis

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17
Q

The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint without dislocation is called a

A

sprain

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18
Q

A partial or incomplete dislocation is called a

A

subluxation

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19
Q

The study of motion of the human body is called

A

kinesiology

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20
Q

When an epiphyseal plate closes, it is transformed from a synchondrosis into a(n)

A

synostosis

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21
Q

In a symphysis, the articulating bones are joined by

A

fibrocartilage

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22
Q

A syndesmosis would be classified structurally as a ______joint

A

fibrous

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23
Q

The function of the inner lining of the articular capsule is to produce

A

synovial fluid

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24
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another in a joint capsule is called a

A

ligament

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25
Q

Nutrients are supplied to the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage by

A

synovial fluid

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26
Q

Fluid-filled sacs located between bones and overlying tissues that help alleviate pressure are called

A

bursae

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27
Q

Fibrocartilage pads that extend from the fibrous capsule into the joint cavity between articulating bones in large synovial joints are called

A

articular discs (menisci)

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28
Q

Someone who has a “torn cartilage” in the knee has damaged a(n)

A

articular disc (meniscus)

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29
Q

The elbow is an example of a(n) _____joints

A

hinge

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30
Q

The articulation of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula is an example of a(n) _____joint

A

gliding

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31
Q

The combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called

A

circumduction

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32
Q

The movement of the thumb so that the tip of the thumb can meet the tip of any other digits on the same hand is referred to as

A

opposition

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33
Q

The joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb is an example of a _____joint

A

saddle (sellaris)

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34
Q

The glenohumeral joint and the coxal joint are the only examples of the _____joint

A

ball-and-socket

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35
Q

The periodontal membrane separates the articulating bones of a

A

gomphosis

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36
Q

A freely movable joint is called a

A

diarthrosis

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37
Q

Bending the soles of the feet outwardly (laterally) so that the soles face away from each other is called

A

eversion

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38
Q

The narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity is called the

A

glenoid labrum

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39
Q

The anterior surface of the knee is strengthened by the fused tendons of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the fascia lata, known as the

A

patellar retinacular

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40
Q

The ligament stretched or torn in 70% of all serious knee injuries is the

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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41
Q

Muscle tissue that is both non-striated and involuntary is

A

smooth muscle tissue

42
Q

The ability of muscle tissue to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials) is called

A

excitability (irritability)

43
Q

The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contracting or stretching is called

A

elasticity

44
Q

The dense irregular connective tissue that carries nerves and blood vessels, fills the spaces between muscles into functional groups is the

A

deep fascia

45
Q

A broad, flat tendon that connects muscle to bone, muscle, or skin is called a(n)

A

aponeurosis

46
Q

The region of a sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction is called the

A

motor end plate

47
Q

Acetylcholine receptors are located on the

A

sarcolemma (motor end plate)

48
Q

The region of the sarcomere that contains only thick myofilaments is the

A

H zone

49
Q

The region of the sarcomere that contains only thin myofilaments is the

A

I zone

50
Q

The thick myofilaments are anchored to the Z discs and stabilized during contraction and relaxation by

A

elastic filaments (titin)

51
Q

A triad consists of two terminal cisterns and a(n)

A

transverse tubule

52
Q

Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed when troponin changes shape as a result of binding

A

calcium ions

53
Q

The shape change (swiveling) that occurs as myosin heads bind to actin produces the _______of contraction

A

power stroke

54
Q

Muscle contraction without muscle shortening is called ______contraction

A

isometric

55
Q

The time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction, when calcium ions are being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is called the ____period

A

latent

56
Q

The time following a stimulus during which a muscle cell is unable to respond to another stimulus is called a ______period

A

refractory

57
Q

A sustained contraction with no relaxation between stimuli is called

A

complete (fused) tetanus

58
Q

In a well-relaxed muscle, several identical stimuli administered in quick succession, but allowing complete relaxation between stimuli, will result in a phenomenon known as

A

treppe (the staircase effect)

59
Q

Involuntary activation of a small number of motor units causes sustained, small contractions that give a relaxed skeletal muscle a firmness known as

A

muscle tone

60
Q

Muscles that exhibit hypotonia are said to be

A

flaccid

61
Q

Tension generated by tendons, elastic filaments, and connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers is called _____tension

A

passive

62
Q

An isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens to produce movement and to reduce the angle at a joint is called a(n) ______contraction

A

concentric

63
Q

An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens to produce a movement and to increase the angle at a joint is called a(n) ______contraction

A

eccentric

64
Q

The wasting away of muscles due to progressive loss of myofibrils is called

A

atrophy

65
Q

In the phosphagen system, high-energy phosphate groups can be stroed for future ATP production by combining with

A

creatine

66
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of _______, resulting in a net gain of _____ molecules of ATP

A

pyruvic acid; two

67
Q

The reactions of cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria are said to be aerobic because they require

A

oxygen

68
Q

During long-term exercise, most ATP is produced as a result of

A

aerobic cellular respiration

69
Q

Each cardiac muscle fiber in a network is connected to its neighbors by an irregular transverse thickening of the sarcolemma known as a(n)

A

intercalated disc

70
Q

In smooth muscle, myosin binds to actin only after the myosin head has been phosphorylated via the action of the enzyme

A

myosin light chain kinase

71
Q

The blood-testis barrier is formed just internal to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule by tight junctions between ________cells

A

sustentacular

72
Q

The cells in the seminiferous tubule that secrete testosterone are the

A

interstitial endocrinocytes

73
Q

The process of cell division in which diploid cells are converted to haploid gametes is called

A

meiosis

74
Q

Division of each primary spermatocyte eventually produces _____ spermatids

A

four

75
Q

Release of LH and FSH is regulated by the hormone _____ produced by the hypothalamus

A

GnRH

76
Q

A hormone secreted by sustentacular cells that targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of FSH is

A

inhibin

77
Q

A tightly coiled tube, 6m x 1mm, that lies along the posterior border of the testis is the

A

epididymus

78
Q

Teh testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle together constitute the

A

spermatic cord

79
Q

An accessory gland lying inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounding the urethra in the male is the

A

prostate gland

80
Q

The average volume of semen in an ejaculation is _______with a sperm count of _______per milliliter

A

2.5-5mL; 50-150 million

81
Q

An antibiotic present in semen is

A

seminalplasmin

82
Q

The paired dorsolateral masses of erectile tissue of the penis are called the ___________; the smaller midventral mass is called the ___________

A

corpora cavernosa penis; corpora spongiosum penis

83
Q

The vascular changes resulting in an erection are the result of a _______reflex

A

parasympathetic

84
Q

Covering the glands of an uncircumcised penis is the foreskin, also known as the

A

prepuce

85
Q

The _________ is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens

A

ejaculatory duct

86
Q

The white capsule of dense, irregular connective tissue that is immediately deep to the germinal epithelium of the ovary is called the

A

tunica albuginea

87
Q

During early female fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the endoderm of the yolk sac to the ovaries, where they differentiate into

A

oogonia

88
Q

Degeneration of the primary germ cells during female fetal development is called

A

atresia

89
Q

Finger-like projections of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes are called

A

fimbriae

90
Q

The inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina is called the

A

cervix

91
Q

The layer of the endometrium nearest to the uterine cavity that is shed during menstruation is the

A

stratum functionalis

92
Q

A hysterectomy is surgical removal of the

A

uterus

93
Q

The female structure that is homologous to the penis of the male is the

A

clitoris

94
Q

The form (stage) of the egg that is ovulated is the

A

secondary oocyte

95
Q

During the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is prepared to receive a fertilized ovum principally by the hormone _______produced by the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

96
Q

One of the most widely used spermicides in contraceptive creams, foams, sponges, etc., is

A

nonoxynol-9 (or octoxynol-9)

97
Q

Onset of the first menses is called ______; permanent cessation of menses as part of the aging process is called _____

A

menarche; menopause

98
Q

The male pattern of differentiation of primitive gonads in the embryo depends on the presence of a master gene on the Y chromosome called

A

SRY

99
Q

A chancre at the point of contact is the symptom of the primary stage of the sexually transmitted disease

A

syphilis

100
Q

Infection of the uterine tubes is called

A

salpingitis

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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