Final Exam 201-300 Flashcards
The bony part of the bridge of the nose is formed by the
nasal bones
Alveolar processes are seen on two facial bones, the ______ and the ______
mandible; maxilla
Two foramina in the mandible that are important sites for injection of dental anesthetics are the mandibular foramen and the ______foramen.
mental
A triangular bone that forms the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum is the
vomer
A bone located between the mandible and the larynx is the ______ bone
hyoid
The adult vertebral column consists of ____cervical vertebrae, _______thoracic vertebrae, _______lumbar vertebrae, _______sacral vertebrae fused into one, and ______coccygeal vertebrae fused into one or two bones.
7; 12; 5; 5; 4
The anteriorly concave curves of the vertebral column are the _______ and the _______
thoracic; sacral
The two short, thick processes between the body and laminae of a vertebra are the
pedicles
The largest vertebral foramina are found in the vertebrae of the _____region
cervical
An increase in abdominal weight may cause an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature of the spine known as swayback, or
lordosis
The functional classification of joints defined as slightly movable is the
amphiarthrosis
A fibrous joint uniting the bones of the skull is a
suture
The angle between articulating bones is decreased by a movement called
flexion
A bone moves away from the body’s midline during
abduction
Any painful state of the body’s supporting structures is known as
rheumatism
A degenerative joint disease that results from the combined effects of aging, irritation of joints, wear and abrasion, is
osteoarthritis
The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint without dislocation is called a
sprain
A partial or incomplete dislocation is called a
subluxation
The study of motion of the human body is called
kinesiology
When an epiphyseal plate closes, it is transformed from a synchondrosis into a(n)
synostosis
In a symphysis, the articulating bones are joined by
fibrocartilage
A syndesmosis would be classified structurally as a ______joint
fibrous
The function of the inner lining of the articular capsule is to produce
synovial fluid
Fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another in a joint capsule is called a
ligament
Nutrients are supplied to the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage by
synovial fluid
Fluid-filled sacs located between bones and overlying tissues that help alleviate pressure are called
bursae
Fibrocartilage pads that extend from the fibrous capsule into the joint cavity between articulating bones in large synovial joints are called
articular discs (menisci)
Someone who has a “torn cartilage” in the knee has damaged a(n)
articular disc (meniscus)
The elbow is an example of a(n) _____joints
hinge
The articulation of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula is an example of a(n) _____joint
gliding
The combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called
circumduction
The movement of the thumb so that the tip of the thumb can meet the tip of any other digits on the same hand is referred to as
opposition
The joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb is an example of a _____joint
saddle (sellaris)
The glenohumeral joint and the coxal joint are the only examples of the _____joint
ball-and-socket
The periodontal membrane separates the articulating bones of a
gomphosis
A freely movable joint is called a
diarthrosis
Bending the soles of the feet outwardly (laterally) so that the soles face away from each other is called
eversion
The narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity is called the
glenoid labrum
The anterior surface of the knee is strengthened by the fused tendons of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the fascia lata, known as the
patellar retinacular
The ligament stretched or torn in 70% of all serious knee injuries is the
anterior cruciate ligament
Muscle tissue that is both non-striated and involuntary is
smooth muscle tissue
The ability of muscle tissue to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals (action potentials) is called
excitability (irritability)
The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contracting or stretching is called
elasticity
The dense irregular connective tissue that carries nerves and blood vessels, fills the spaces between muscles into functional groups is the
deep fascia
A broad, flat tendon that connects muscle to bone, muscle, or skin is called a(n)
aponeurosis
The region of a sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction is called the
motor end plate
Acetylcholine receptors are located on the
sarcolemma (motor end plate)
The region of the sarcomere that contains only thick myofilaments is the
H zone
The region of the sarcomere that contains only thin myofilaments is the
I zone
The thick myofilaments are anchored to the Z discs and stabilized during contraction and relaxation by
elastic filaments (titin)
A triad consists of two terminal cisterns and a(n)
transverse tubule
Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed when troponin changes shape as a result of binding
calcium ions
The shape change (swiveling) that occurs as myosin heads bind to actin produces the _______of contraction
power stroke
Muscle contraction without muscle shortening is called ______contraction
isometric
The time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction, when calcium ions are being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is called the ____period
latent
The time following a stimulus during which a muscle cell is unable to respond to another stimulus is called a ______period
refractory
A sustained contraction with no relaxation between stimuli is called
complete (fused) tetanus
In a well-relaxed muscle, several identical stimuli administered in quick succession, but allowing complete relaxation between stimuli, will result in a phenomenon known as
treppe (the staircase effect)
Involuntary activation of a small number of motor units causes sustained, small contractions that give a relaxed skeletal muscle a firmness known as
muscle tone
Muscles that exhibit hypotonia are said to be
flaccid
Tension generated by tendons, elastic filaments, and connective tissues surrounding muscle fibers is called _____tension
passive
An isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens to produce movement and to reduce the angle at a joint is called a(n) ______contraction
concentric
An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens to produce a movement and to increase the angle at a joint is called a(n) ______contraction
eccentric
The wasting away of muscles due to progressive loss of myofibrils is called
atrophy
In the phosphagen system, high-energy phosphate groups can be stroed for future ATP production by combining with
creatine
During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of _______, resulting in a net gain of _____ molecules of ATP
pyruvic acid; two
The reactions of cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria are said to be aerobic because they require
oxygen
During long-term exercise, most ATP is produced as a result of
aerobic cellular respiration
Each cardiac muscle fiber in a network is connected to its neighbors by an irregular transverse thickening of the sarcolemma known as a(n)
intercalated disc
In smooth muscle, myosin binds to actin only after the myosin head has been phosphorylated via the action of the enzyme
myosin light chain kinase
The blood-testis barrier is formed just internal to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule by tight junctions between ________cells
sustentacular
The cells in the seminiferous tubule that secrete testosterone are the
interstitial endocrinocytes
The process of cell division in which diploid cells are converted to haploid gametes is called
meiosis
Division of each primary spermatocyte eventually produces _____ spermatids
four
Release of LH and FSH is regulated by the hormone _____ produced by the hypothalamus
GnRH
A hormone secreted by sustentacular cells that targets the anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of FSH is
inhibin
A tightly coiled tube, 6m x 1mm, that lies along the posterior border of the testis is the
epididymus
Teh testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle together constitute the
spermatic cord
An accessory gland lying inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounding the urethra in the male is the
prostate gland
The average volume of semen in an ejaculation is _______with a sperm count of _______per milliliter
2.5-5mL; 50-150 million
An antibiotic present in semen is
seminalplasmin
The paired dorsolateral masses of erectile tissue of the penis are called the ___________; the smaller midventral mass is called the ___________
corpora cavernosa penis; corpora spongiosum penis
The vascular changes resulting in an erection are the result of a _______reflex
parasympathetic
Covering the glands of an uncircumcised penis is the foreskin, also known as the
prepuce
The _________ is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
The white capsule of dense, irregular connective tissue that is immediately deep to the germinal epithelium of the ovary is called the
tunica albuginea
During early female fetal development, primordial germ cells migrate from the endoderm of the yolk sac to the ovaries, where they differentiate into
oogonia
Degeneration of the primary germ cells during female fetal development is called
atresia
Finger-like projections of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes are called
fimbriae
The inferior narrow portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina is called the
cervix
The layer of the endometrium nearest to the uterine cavity that is shed during menstruation is the
stratum functionalis
A hysterectomy is surgical removal of the
uterus
The female structure that is homologous to the penis of the male is the
clitoris
The form (stage) of the egg that is ovulated is the
secondary oocyte
During the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is prepared to receive a fertilized ovum principally by the hormone _______produced by the corpus luteum
progesterone
One of the most widely used spermicides in contraceptive creams, foams, sponges, etc., is
nonoxynol-9 (or octoxynol-9)
Onset of the first menses is called ______; permanent cessation of menses as part of the aging process is called _____
menarche; menopause
The male pattern of differentiation of primitive gonads in the embryo depends on the presence of a master gene on the Y chromosome called
SRY
A chancre at the point of contact is the symptom of the primary stage of the sexually transmitted disease
syphilis
Infection of the uterine tubes is called
salpingitis
