Final Exam 1-100 Flashcards
group of cells that usually arise from common ancestror cells and work together to perform a particular function comprise a
tissue
Renal physiology is the study of the function of the
kidneys
The chemical reactions that break down large complex molecules into smaller , simpler ones are referred to as
catabolism
________ is the ability of an organism to detect and react to changes in the external or internal environment
responsiveness
______ is a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.
homeostasis
Any disturbance in homeostasis is referred to as
stress
the chemicals produced by the endocrine system that help regulate homeostasis are called
hormones
the stimulus in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If feedback loop is a negative feedback loop then the effector will cause the blood sugar to
decrease
In a feedback loop, the control center provides output to and elicits a response from a (n)
effector
the stimulus (stress) in a feedback loop is an increase in blood sugar. If this is a positive feedback loop, then the effector will cause the blood sugar to
increase
The anatomical term that means “on the same side of the body” is
ipsilateral
The serous membrane associated with the heart is the
pericardium
Description of any region of the body by means of directional terms and body planes assumes that the body is in _______ position
anatomical
The anatomical term that means, “away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure” is
inferior
The ___________ system is composed of a series of glands that secrete hormones
endocrine
A feedback system consists of three basic components:
a control center, a receptor and a (n)
effector
Specialized structures within a cell that function in the overall cell’s anatomy and physiology are known as
organelles
The study of structure and the relationships between structures is
anatomy
The study of the function of body parts is
physiology
the basic structural and functional unit of a organism is the
cell
________ are the structures that are composed of two or more different tissues., have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
organs
the level of structural organization of the body consisting of several related organs that have a common function is the
systems
the microscopic study of the structure of cells is ____________
cytology
The microscopic study of the structure of tissue is called
histology
A plane or section that divides an organ such that you would be looking a medial surface of the section of that organ would be a
saggital section
Homeostasis is regulated by the endocrine system and the _____ system
nervous
The component of a feedback loop that senses changes in the environment and notifies the control center of the changes is called the
receptor
The wrist is _____ to the elbow
distal
the intestines are ______ to the heart
inferior
the muscles are _______ to the skin
deep
the most plentiful extra-cellular catin is
sodium
Anything living or nonliving that occupies space and has mass is known as
matter
Different atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons are called
isotopes
A substance that can be chemically broken down into two or more different elements is a
compound
The covalent bond that forms between a pair of amino acids is called a
peptide bond
Substances that can speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves are known as
catalysts
The two purines found in DNA nucleotides are
adenine and guanine
The complete hydrolysis of proteins would yield
amino acids
The term double helix discribes the structure of
DNA
The major lipid compnent of cell membranes is
Phosholipids
Cholesterol, bile salts, ad sex hormones are all examples of a class of lipids know as
steroids
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the PH of blood between 7.35 and
7.45
A molecule that gains hydrogen atoms during chemical reactions in the body is said to be
reduced
The collision energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur is called the
activation energy
The two factors that most influence the chance that a collision will occur between atoms are the concentration and the
tempurature
A positively charged ion is called a
caton
The most abundant inorganic compound in the human body is
water
Organic compounds are held together mostly or entirely by______bonds.
covalent
In a solution, the substance that is dissolved is the
solute
In the formation of macro-molecules, monomers are joined together by a reaction called_______, which involves the elimination of water molecules from the reactants.
dehydration synthesis
Macro-molecules are broken down into monomers by the addition of water in a reaction known as
hydrolysis
Sugars and starches are examples of
carbohydrates
The principal function of carbohydrates is to provide
a reliable source of energy
Lipids are said to by hydrophobic, which means that they are
water fearing or insoluble in water
Triglycerides are made up of fatty acids and
glycerol
Fats whose fatty acids contain multiple double bonds between their carbon atoms are said to be
polyunsaturated
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are examples of a class of lipids known as
eicosanoids
The number of substrate molecules converted to product per enzyme molecule in one second is called the
turnover number
Catalytic proteins are called
enzymes
The biological function of a protein is determined by it’s _______ structure.
tertiary
If solution A has more solutes and less water that solution b, then solution a is considered to be ________ to solution b
hypertonic
A group of nucleotides on a DNA molecule whose purpose is to serve as the “directions” for manufacturing a specific protein is a
gene
Distribution of two chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei is known as
mitosis
Cytokinesis begins with formation of a
cleavage furrow
The union and fusion of gametes is called
fertilization
In a diploid cell, the 2 chromosomes that belong to a pair are called_______ chromosomes
homologous
Chromosome number does not double with each generation of cell division because of a special nuclear division called
meiosis
The process of formation of haploid sperm in the male testes is know as
spermatogenesis
The process of formation of haploid ova in the female ovaries is known as
oogenesis
The homologous pairing of chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis is known as
synapsis
The haploid cells in females that do not functon as gametes are known as
polar bodies
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the
cell membrane
Temporary structures in the cytoplasm that contain secretions and storage products of the cell are know as
inclusions
The part of the phospholipid molecule that lines up facing the intracellular and extracellular fluids is the
polar, (hydrolphilic) part (head)
As a result of the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, a voltage call the_____exists.
membrane potential
The property of a cell membrane that permits passage of certain substances and restricts passage of others is know as
selective permiablity
If two solutions have different concentrations and they are separated by a membrane that is permeable to the solute, then there will be net movement of solute molecules until_____ is reached.
equalibrium
The net movement of water across a selective membrane by passive means is known as______
osmosis
There is no net movement of water molecules across a membrane separating solutions that are ______ to each other.
isotonic
Red Blood cells within intracellular concentration of 0.9 NaCl will undergo______ when they are placed in a solution of 5% NaCl
crenation
A type of passive transport across a cell membrane that requires special transporters (carriers) is
facilitated diffusion
Droplets of extracellular fluid flow into vesicles during the process of
Pinocytosis
Export of a substance from the cell in which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid is called
exocytosis
Large organic compounds such as proteins and glycogen, that remain suspended in the cytoplasm, rather than dissolve, are known as
colloids
The proteins around which DNA wraps in a chomatin fiber are called
histones
Organelles that are membrane-enclosed vesicles filled with digestive enzymes are
lysosomes
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments comprise the
cytoskeleton
Regions within DNA strands that do not code for synthesis of part of a protein are called
introns
Each set of three consecutive nucleotide bases on messenger RNA that specifies one amino acid is call a
codon
Division of parent cell’s cytoplasm and and organelles is called
cytokinesis
The primary function of stratified squamous epithelium is
protection
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and forms the walls of capillaries is known as
endothelium
______glands secrete their products into ducts.
endocrine
A connective tissue that is antivascular is
cartilage
The secretions from endocrine glands are called
hormones
Mucous connective tissue is found primarily in the
Umbilical cord of the Fetus
The cells of a mature cartilage is called
chondrocytes
The most abundant type of cartilage are called
hyaline cartilage
________ growth of cartilage continues throughout life
appostional
The connective tissue layer of mucus membrane is called the
lamina propria
