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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Responsiveness (excitability)

A

When stimulated by chemical signals, stretch, and other stimuli, muscle cells respond to electrical changes across plasma membrane.

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2
Q

Conductivity

A

local electrical changes triggers a wave of excitation that travels along muscle fibers

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3
Q

Contractility

A

Shortens when stimulated

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4
Q

extensiblity

A

able to stretch

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5
Q

elasticity

A

comes back to original position after being stretched

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6
Q

The sarcoplasm is filled with microfiber bundles of protein microfilaments called

A

myofilaments.

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7
Q

The sarcoplasm tunnel like structures that penetrate the cell.

A

transverse tubules

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8
Q

Transverse tubules penetrate the cell and

A

carry electric current to the inner cell

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9
Q

Sarcoplasm contains (3)

A

myofibrils, glycogen, and myoglobin

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10
Q

the sarcoplasm is NOT a modified endoplasmic reticulum

A

False

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11
Q

Glycogen is used for

A

storing energy

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12
Q

myoglobin is used for

A

binding oxygen

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13
Q

A series of dialated calcium storage called the terminal cisternae is called

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

To make a muscle contract more strongly, the nervous system can activate more motor units. This process is called

A

Recruitment

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15
Q

The functional unit of a muscle fiber is the

A

sarcomere

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16
Q

before a muscle fiber can contract the ATP must band to the

A

myosin head

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17
Q

Before a muscle fiber can contract, Ca2+ must bind to

A

tropomyosin

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18
Q

Which muscle protein is not intracellular

A

collagen

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19
Q

Smooth Muscle cell have___whereas skeletal muscle fibers do not.

A

calmodulin

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20
Q

ACh receptors are found mainly in

A

junction folds

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21
Q

A person with high VO2 max

A

experiences less muscle fatigue during exercise than someone with a low VO2

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22
Q

Slow oxidative fibers contains myoglobin, high fatigue resistance, and a high capacity to synthesis APT areobically but does not contain

A

an abundance of glycogen

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23
Q

The minimum stimulus intensity that will make a muscle contract is called

A

the treshold

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24
Q

A state of prolonged maximum contraction is called

A

complete tetnus

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25
Q

Parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called ____lie on each side of the T Tubule.

A

terminal cisternae

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26
Q

Thick myofilaments consist mainly of the protein

A

acetlycholine

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27
Q

Muscle contains an oxygen binding pigment called

A

myoglobin

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28
Q

The _____ of skeletal muscle plays a role as dense bodies in smooth muscles,

A

Z discs

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29
Q

The Autonomic nerve fibers that stimulate single unit smooth muscle in the neurotransmitter is contained in swellings called

A

varicosities

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30
Q

A state of continual partial muscle contraction is called

A

muscle tone

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31
Q

_____is an end product of anaerobic fermentation that causes muscle fatigue

A

Lactic Acid

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32
Q

Each motor unit supplies just one muscle fiber

A

f A motor neuron may supply 1000 or more muscle fibers; a motor unit consist of one motor neurons and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

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33
Q

To initiate muscle contraction , calcium ions must bind to the myosin heads.

A

f Calcium binds to troponin, not to myosin

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34
Q

Slow oxidative fibers are relatively resistant to fatigue.

A

t

35
Q

Thin filaments are found in both the A bands and the I bands of striated muscle.

A

t

36
Q

Thin filaments do not change length when muscles a contract.

A

t

37
Q

Smooth muscle lacks striations because it does not have thick or thin myofilaments.

A

f Thick and thin filaments are present but are not arranged in a way that produces striations

38
Q

A muscle must contract to the point of complete tetnus if it is to move an object.

A

F Under natural conditions, a muscle seldom or never attains complete tetnus.

39
Q

If no ATP were available to a muscle fiber, the excitation state of muscle action would not occur.

A

t

40
Q

For the first 30 minutes of exercise, the body gets most of it’s energy for lactic acid.

A

f A muscle produces most of it’s ATP during this period of anaerobic fermentation, which generates lactic acid but does not consume it.

41
Q

Cardiac Muscle and some smooth muscle are autorhythmic, but skeletal muscle is not.

A

t

42
Q

5 physiological properties of all muscular tissue.

A

Responsiveness, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

43
Q

In relaxation, Active transports pumps calcium back to the SR where it binds to

A

Calsequestron

44
Q

Thick filaments are made up of what protein?

A

Myocin

45
Q

Thin filament are made up of what protein?

A

Actin

46
Q

Tropomyosin & troponin are regulatory proteins that..

A

Act like a switch that starts and stops shortening.

47
Q

At threshold or higher, a single stimulus thus causes a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation called a

A

twitch

48
Q

The timing and strength of a muscle’s contraction can be shown in a chart called a

A

myogram

49
Q

What is the function of the troponin & Tropomyosin complex?

A

Find binding sites for myocin.

50
Q

Calmodulin activates

A

Myocin light chain kinases

51
Q

Ability to contract rhythmically and independently

A

autorhythmic

52
Q

Calmodulin activates an enzyme called____, which adds a phosphate group to a small regulatory protein on the myosin head.

A

myosin light-chain kinase

53
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability to adjust its tension to the degree of stretching; exhibited in smooth muscle.

54
Q

Binds protein to Z discs

A

Elastic filaments

55
Q

Distension of the esophagus with food or the colon with feces, for example, evokes a wave of contraction called

A

peristalsis

56
Q

Z discs pulling together pulling on the sarcolemma results in

A

Muscle cells shortening

57
Q

A collective term for several hereditary diseases in which the muscles degenerate, weaken, and are gradually replaced by fat and fibrous scar tissue.

A

Muscular Dystrophy

58
Q

A sex-linked recessive trait affecting about 1 out of every 3,500 live-born boys; most common form of disease.

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

59
Q

Pesticides contain______ that bind to acetylcholinesterase and prevent it from degrading to ACh.

A

Cholinestrase inhibitors

60
Q

A less severe form of muscular dystrophy that is an autosomal dominant trait that begins in adolescence and affects both sexes.

A

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (MD)

61
Q

Prevention of the degrading of ACh causes

A

Spastic paralysis are possible suffocation.

62
Q

A spastic paralysis caused by toxin of clostridium bacteria is called

A

Tetanus or lock jaw

63
Q

Usually occurs in women between ages of 20 and 40; an autoimmune disease in which antibodiesattack the neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together in clusters, muscle fibers then removes the clusters from the sarcolemma by endocytosis, resulting the muscle fibers to become less sensitive to ACh. Effects appaer in facial muscles like drooping eyelids and double vision.

A

Myasthenia gravis

64
Q

Limp muscles unable to contract caused by______ that competes with ACh.

A

Flaccid paralysis

65
Q

Some myoblasts remain as unspecialized ______ between the muscle fiber and endomysium; these play an important role in the regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle.

A

Satellite Cells

66
Q

Both the sarcolemma and that part of the basal lamina in the cleft contain ______; an enzyme that breaks down ACh after the ACh has stimulated the muscle cell (thus, it is important in turning off muscle contraction and allowing the muscle to relax).

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

67
Q

_____transfers Pi from one ADP to another, converting the latter into ATP.

A

Myokinase

68
Q

_____obtains Pi from a phosphate-storage molecule, _____, and donates it to ADP to make ATP; fast-acting system that helps maintain ATP level while other ATP-generating mechanisms are being activated.

A

Creatine kinase; creatine phosphate (CP)

69
Q

ATP and CP; collectively called the _____, provide nearly all the energy used for short bursts of intense activity.

A

Phosphagen system

70
Q

The pathway from glycogen to lactic acid, called the _____, produces enough ATP for 30 to 40 seconds of maximum activity.

A

Glycogen-lactic acid system

71
Q

The hardening of the muscles and stiffening of the body that begins 3 to 4 hours after death.

A

Rigor mortis

72
Q

Skeletal muscles have T tubules, smooth muscles do not.

A

t

73
Q

The point where a nerve fiber meets any target cell

A

synapse

74
Q

When the target cell is a muscle fiber, the synapse is also called

A

neuromuscular juction (NMJ) or motor end plate

75
Q

_____, 1 nm in diameter, are made of a huge springy coil called

A

Elastic filaments; titin

76
Q

Notice that you breathe heavily not only during strnuous exercise but also for several minutes afterward; this is to meet a metabolic demand called excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), also known by an older polarized term,

A

Oxygen debt

77
Q

Not present in skeletal muscle, present in intercalated discs of cardiac muscle, present in single-unit smooth muscle.

A

Gap junctions

78
Q

Present in cardiac and skeletal muscle.

A

Striations

79
Q

Skeletal muscle receives Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

t

80
Q

Cardiac muscle receives Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid.

A

t

81
Q

Smooth muscle receives Ca2+ in extracellular fluid.

A

t

82
Q

A functional connection between the distal end of a nerve fiber and the middle of a muscle fiber.

A

NMJ

83
Q

In the Excitation-contraction coupling; changes shape and exposes the active sites on the actin filaments; makes available the active sites for binding to myosin heads.

A

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

84
Q

Abundant and large in slow-twitch (slow oxidative) muscle fibers, fewer and smaller in fast-twitch (fast oxidative) muscle fibers.

A

Mitochondria

Anatomy and Physiology (22 decks)

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