Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the generic parts of a spinal nerve?
A
- ventral and dorsal nerve rootlets
- ventral and dorsal nerve roots
- dorsal nerve root ganglion
- mixed spinal nerve
- ventral and dorsal primary nerve rami or divisions
2
Q
What is the name given to the dendrite of a primary sensory neuron?
A
peripheral sensory process
3
Q
What parts of the peripheral nerve system will contain peripheral sensory proceses?
A
- mixed spinal nerve
- ventral primary ramus/division
- dorsal primary ramus/division
4
Q
What parts of the peripheral nerve system will contain central sensory processes?
A
- dorsal nerve root
- dorsal nerve rootlets
5
Q
What are the ultimate target cells of the somatic efferent pathways?
A
skeletal muscle
6
Q
What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?
A
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glandular tissue
- some unique specialized cell types
7
Q
What cord levels will contain somatic efferent neurons?
A
cord levels C1-Co1
8
Q
What skeletal muscles are specifically innervated via dorsal primary rami/divisions?
A
- splenius
- erector spinae
- transversospinalis
- suboccipital
- interspinalis
- intertransversarii
- levator costarum
9
Q
What skeletal muscle is innervated via both ventral primary rami/divisions and dorsal primary rami/divisions?
A
the intertransversarii
10
Q
Skeletal muscle located on the dorsal side of the extremities will be innervated by which spinal ramus or division branches?
A
ventral primary ramus/division branches
11
Q
What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system?
A
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- enteric
12
Q
What is the location for the enteric nerve system?
A
along the gastrointestinal tract and organ system
13
Q
What is the location of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
A
between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers along the entire gut
14
Q
What function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
A
peristaltic activity along the gastrointestinal tract
15
Q
What is the location of the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
A
between the circular muscle layer and the muscularis mucosa layer of the gut
16
Q
Which enteric plexus lies between the circular muscle layer and the muscularis mucosa layer of the gut?
A
submucosal plexus of Meissner
17
Q
What function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
A
influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut
18
Q
What locations of the gastrointestinal tract are most influenced by parasympathetics?
A
the most proximal and distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract
19
Q
The superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
A
C1-C4 paravertebral ganglia
20
Q
The middle cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
A
C5, C6 paravertebral ganglia
21
Q
The inferior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
A
C7-C8 paravertebral ganglia
22
Q
The stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
A
C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia
23
Q
The stellate ganglion will communicate with which spinal nerves?
A
ventral primary rami of C7, C8, and T1 spinal nerves
24
Q
Which sympathetic ganglia are located in front of the vertebral body?
A
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
25
What are the names of the most consistent prevertebral ganglia?
- celiac ganglion
- superior mesenteric ganglion
- inferior mesenteric ganglion
26
Which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies?
- cardiac plexus
- pulmonary plexus
- celiac plexus
- inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
27
How are the remaining nerve plexuses named?
according to the name of the blood vessel they accompany
28
Based on the target cell innervated, what are the classifications given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers?
- vasomotor fiber
- pilomotor fiber
- sudomotor fiber
- secretomotor fiber
29
What is the target of postganglionic sympathetic pilomotor fibers?
smooth muscle of hair follicles; the erector pili muscle
30
What is the target of postganglionic sympathetic sudomotor fibers?
specialized cells of sudorific glands or sweat glands
31
How are white fibers classified and to what is their color due?
preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers which are myelinated
32
Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will bundle together to form what structure which attaches to the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion?
white ramus communicans
33
Postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will bundle together to form what structure which attaches to the paravertebral sympathetic ganglion?
gray ramus communicans
34
What forms the sympathetic trunk or sympathetic chain?
- interganglionic rami communicans
| - paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
35
What does the splanchnic nerve unite?
paravertebral sympathetic ganglia to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglion
36
What rami will communicate with the paravertebral ganglia?
- white rami communicans
- gray rami communicans
- interganglionic rami communicans
- splanchnic nerves
37
What rami or nerves will communicate with prevertebral ganglia?
- splanchnic nerves
| - nerves to the target organs (gastric nerve)
38
Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will pass through what neuronal structures to enter a paravertebral ganglion?
- lateral horn
- ventral horn
- white matter of the cord
- ventral nerve rootlet
- ventral nerve root
- mixed spinal nerve
- ventral primary ramus
- white ramus communicans
- paravertebral ganglion of origin
39
What is the termination of the horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway?
- smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietal wall of the thorax and upper abdomen
- territory roughly corresponding to the T1-T12, L1-L2 dermatomes
40
What is the termination of the ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway?
smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity
41
In the ascending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
in a paravertebral ganglion higher than the paravertebral ganglion of origin
42
List, in order, the pathway of the postganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber of the ascending pathway which synapses on an erector pili muscle on the back of the upper extremity.
- paravertebral ganglion of synapse
- gray ramus communicans
- ventral primary ramus
- synapse on erector pili muscle
43
What is the termination of the descending sympathetic neuronal pathway?
smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietal wall of the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower extremity
44
In the descending pathway, what is the location of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
in a paravertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin
45
Upper and lower extremities are innervated with sympathetics exclusively derived from which ramus or division?
ventral primary ramus
46
In the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus
47
What is the cord level origin of the sympathetic neuronal pathway to the vertebral artery?
upper thoracic spinal cord levels
48
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery?
inferior cervical ganglion
49
What is the cord level origin of the sympathetic neuronal pathway to the head?
upper thoracic spinal cord levels T1-T2 typically
50
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the head?
superior cervical ganglion
51
What is the cord level origin of the sympathetic neuronal pathway to the heart?
thoracic spinal cord levels T1-T4, T5
52
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart?
1) paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5
2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion
3) the cardiac plexus
53
Postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers may become incorporated in what neuronal structures after the paravertebral ganglion of origin in the pathway to the heart?
cardiac splanchnic nerves
54
What is the embryonic derivative of the adrenal gland?
- the adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm
| - the adrenal medulla is derived from neural ectoderm
55
What cell population of the adrenal medulla represents neural ectoderm?
chromaffin cells
56
Preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers in the pathway to the adrenal gland will be incorporated in what neuronal structures?
- the sympathetic pathway to the paravertebral ganglion of origin
- then into lesser splanchnic
- least splanchnic
- lumbar splanchnic nerves
- finally in the adrenal nerve to the adrenal gland
57
Where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway?
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
58
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which spinal nerves?
spinal nerves S2-S4
59
What is the location for a spinal nerve secondary parasympathetic efferent neuron?
typically an intramural ganglion or neural plexus
60
Which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves
61
What is the location of the intramural parasympathetic ganglion?
on or in the wall of the target organ
62
Do spinal nerves typically contain postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
no
63
What is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?
the artery of Adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior
64
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
- it is predominantly found on the left side
- anterior medullary feeder
- located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen
- primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
65
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
66
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
they appear to lack valves
67
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
- sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar
- vertebral artery
68
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
- lumbosacral ligament
- transverse process of L5
- sacral ala
69
What condition is the result of encroahment on the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
70
What ligament may contribute to the loss of size in the lumbar intervertebral foramen?
the transforaminal ligament
71
What is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral foramen?
the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis
72
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
- tuberculosis
- hemangiomas
- osteoporosis
73
What may reduce the impact of intervertebral disc loss of integrity on the intervertebral foramen in the cervical and thoracic spine?
- the joint of Luschka in the cervicals
| - the costocentral joint in the thoracics
74
What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
- obesity
- pregnancy
- use of backpacks
75
What specific types of nerve fibers may be associated with spinal nerves?
- somatic efferent fibers
- preganglionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers
- postganglionic visceral, involuntary or autonomic efferent fibers
76
Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column.
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- intervertebral disc
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- ligamentum flavum
- capsular ligament
- interspinous ligament
- ligamentum nuchae
- supraspinous ligament
- intertransverse ligament
77
What is the reason that nine common ligaments are identified but only eight will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?
the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple
78
What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?
fibrocartilage
79
What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?
the nucleus pulposus will loose water under deformation conditions
80
What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?
notochord cells
81
Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?
collagen type II
82
What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
it lacks any lamellar or layered organization
83
What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae
84
Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?
collagen type I
85
What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
86
What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
collagen fibers will be angle in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed
87
What is the cartilage end plate derived from?
the epiphyseal plate
88
What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?
the type II collagen fiber
89
What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?
collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior
90
What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?
nociceptors and proprioceptors
91
What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?
the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings
92
What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?
- sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve)
- fibers from the ventral primary ramus
- fibers from the white ramus communicans
- fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
- fibers from the gray ramus communicans
93
What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
the paradiscal ramus communicans
94
What neural plexus is formed, in part, by fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans?
the lateral neural plexus of the vertebral column
95
What are the divisions of the embryonic somite?
- sclerotome
- myotome
- dermatome
96
What part of the somite will form the vertebral column?
the sclerotome
97
What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?
the perichordal blastema
98
What is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
99
What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner becomes?
the perichordal disc
100
What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites?
the vertebral blastema
101
What part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?
the nucleus pulposus
102
What part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?
the annulus fibrosus
103
What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
104
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
it brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column
105
What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
Forestier's Disease
106
What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
107
Newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?
- prominent in the cervicals
- occasional in the thoracics
- rare in the lumbars
108
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column
109
Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?
the cervical spine with an 80% incidence
110
What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese
111
What is the acronym for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
OPLL
112
At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
113
What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
it is a yellow elastic ligament
114
What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?
it is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column
115
What is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?
the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint
116
If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function?
it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement
117
What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?
it is more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
118
What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
the funicular layer or part
119
What is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
the lamellar layer or part
120
What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
- the external occipital protuberance
- external occipital crest
- spinous tubercle of C7
121
What is the histological make-up of human ligamentum nuchae?
it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds
122
What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?
- primarily at L4 (73%);
| - between L4 and L5 (5%)
123
Where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?
in the lumbar spine
124
What is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?
it is a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
125
What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
- A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to from a ventral slip.
- It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.
126
What forms the dorsal slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
A thick partition extends from the lamina and articular processes and extends laterally to blend with the ventral slip to form a septum separating the anterior muscles from the posterior muscles of the body wall
127
What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
- arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1
- superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1
- posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
128
What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about twenty-five degrees
129
What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about three to eight degrees one side axial rotation
130
What amount of lateral bending is accomodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about five degrees
131
What is the ADI?
- the Atlanto-Dental Interspace
| - a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
132
What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?
- about 4.5mm in children;
| - a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5mm in adults
133
What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
- about 20 degrees flexion-extension
- 40 degrees one side axial rotation
- 5 degrees of lateral bending
134
The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
about 60%
135
What ligament attaches to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the tip of the odontoid process of C2?
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
136
What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
the notochord
137
What is the function of the alar ligament?
together they function to resist axial rotation
138
What ligament attaches to the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 and the anterior rim of the foramen magnum?
the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
139
What are the layers of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
a superficial layer and deep layer are identified
140
List, in order, the ligaments in a midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint.
- the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
- the cruciate ligament
- the capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
- the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
141
An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?
ribs 2-9
142
Which vertebrae will have a synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia costotransverse joint?
typically T1-T10
143
At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?
the first rib
144
What ligaments will attach to the collum of the twelfth rib?
- the superior costotransverse ligament from T11
| - the lumbocostal ligament from L1
145
Which vertebrae will have an attachment for the inferior costotransverse ligament?
T1 - T11
146
Which ribs will have an attachment for the inferior costotransverse ligament?
rib 1 - rib 11
147
Which vertebrae will have an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?
T1 - T11
148
Which ribs will have an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?
rib 1 - rib 11
149
What muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?
quadratus lumborum
150
Which of the current ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?
the superior iliolumbar ligament
151
Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?
the inferior iliolumbar ligament
152
What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?
articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage
153
What does ankylosis mean?
a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint
154
What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 40, the iliac auricular surface
155
What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
- age 50
| - male bias particularly in African American males
156
What is the age and gender bias associated with ossification of the anterior sacro-iliac ligament?
- age 40
| - male bias
157
Which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?
the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
158
What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?
dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves
159
What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?
the falciform process
160
What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?
the sacrospinous ligament
161
What is the function of the sacro-ischial ligaments?
- they oppose the upward tilt of the sacral apex and;
| - resist the rotation of sacrum between the innominate bones
162
What ligaments are present at the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
- the capsular ligament
- anterior and posterior sternochondral radiate ligaments
- intra-articular ligament
163
Which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the intra-articular ligament
164
What are the joint surfaces of the fifth - tenth interchondral joints?
the costal cartilages of the fifth - tenth ribs
165
What is the classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints?
synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia
166
What is the classification of the fifth - sixth or ninth - tenth interchondral joint?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
167
Which costal cartilages fail to form a joint at their sternal end?
the eleventh and twelfth costal cartilages
168
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
- the nasion
- vertex
- inion
- gnathion
169
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
- the nasion
- vertex
- inion
170
What constitutes the bony floor of the anterior cranial fossa?
- orbital plates of frontal bone
- crista galli
- cribriform plate of ethmoid
171
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
172
What are the parts of the sella turcica?
-anterior clinoid processes
-sphenoidal jugum
-posterior clinoid process
-dorsum sella
-hypophysial fossa
(...of sphenoid bone)
173
What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
- unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening
- the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal
- ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
174
What will the foramen spinosum communicate with?
the middle cranial fossa and the infratemporal region
175
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
176
What cranial nerves are represented in the middle cranial fossa?
- cranial nerve II (optic)
- CN III (oculomotor)
- CN IV (trochlear)
- CN Va (ophthalmic division of the trigeminal)
- CN Vb (maxillary division of the trigeminal)
- CN Vc (mandibular division of the trigeminal)
- CN VI (abducent)
- CN VII (greater/superficial petrosal nerve of the facial)
- CN IX (lesser petrosal nerve of the glossopharyngeal)
177
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
the tentorium cerebelli
178
What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
- cerebellum
- pons
- medulla oblongata
179
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?
the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone
180
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
181
What is the fourth layer of the scalp?
loose connective tissue layer
182
What is the fifth layer of the scalp?
pericranium
183
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
- orbicularis oris
- procerus
- risorius
184
What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve branches
185
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?
all 3 divisions:
- ophthalmic nerve
- maxillary nerve
- mandibular nerve
186
What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
optic canal
187
What are the contents of the optic canal?
- optic nerve
| - ophthalmic artery
188
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
189
What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
190
What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
inferior orbital fissure
191
What are the layers of the eyelid?
- skin
- orbicularis oculi muscle
- tarsal plate/tarsus
- palpebral conjunctiva
192
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?
- tarsal gland or Meibomian gland
| - ciliary gland
193
Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- limited availability of water to secretory units
- more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
194
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
- vasodilation of blood vessels
- increased availability of water to secretory units
- thinner or more watery product
- constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system
195
What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
- fibrous tunic
- uveal tract
- retina
196
What are the parts of the vascular tunic of the eyeball?
- iris
- ciliary body
- choroid
- pupil
197
What is the location of the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
between the cornea and iris
198
What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
between the iris and lens
199
What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
200
What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
201
What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?
vitreous chamber
202
What is the location of the vitreous chamber?
- behind the lens
| - in front of the retina
203
What fills the vitreous chamber?
vitreous body
204
What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?
- they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit
- they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball
205
What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?
both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator
206
Which extraocular muscles insert behind the coronal equator of the eyeball?
- superior oblique
| - inferior oblique
207
What is the source of innervation of the specific intrinsic eye muscles?
-parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve - ciliaris -sphincter pupillae sympathetic fibers from internal carotid artery plexus - dilator pupillae
208
What is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle?
ponticulus
209
Which branches of the external carotid artery supply the auricle?
OPS arteries:
- occipital
- posterior auricular
- superficial temporal
210
Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?
ceruminous glands
211
Vascularization of the external acoustic meatus is derived from which branch(es) of the external carotid artery?
PIS arteries:
- posterior auricular
- internal maxillary
- superficial temporal
212
What muscle will the parotid gland duct/Stensen's duct penetrate?
the buccinator
213
What part of the oral cavity will the parotid gland duct/Stensen's duct open into?
the buccal vestibule
214
What tooth will the parotid gland duct/Stensen's duct open near?
the second maxillary molar
215
What vein is formed within the parotid gland?
the retromandibular vein
216
What are the branches of the facial nerve plexus formed within the parotid gland?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal
- marginal mandibular
- cervical
217
What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?
the chorda tympani nerve
218
Other than vascular effect, what will parasympathetic innervation cause in the parotid gland?
stimulate myoepithelial cells to squeeze the glandular units and mediate release of saliva into the duct system
219
What are the contents of the infratemporal region?
- medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
- internal maxillary artery and branches
- pterygoid venous plexus
- internal maxillary vein
- branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves
- otic ganglion
220
What does the lateral/temporomandibular ligament represent?
a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the temporomandibular joint
221
What are the attachment sites of the sphenomandibular ligament?
the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible
222
What muscles act to retract the mandible or pull the chin back?
temporalis
223
What muscles act during the action of grinding on the temporomandibular joint?
- ipsilateral temporalis
- contralateral medial and lateral pterygoids
- both masseters
224
What openings are associated with the pterygopalatine region?
- inferior orbital fissure
- pterygomaxillary fissure
- sphenopalatine foramen
- foramen rotundum
225
Which ganglion is located within the pterygopalatine region?
sphenopalatine, pterygopalatine or Meckel's ganglion
226
What are the names of the larger pieces of cartilage forming the nose?
- septal cartilage
- lateral nasal cartilage
- major alar cartilage
227
Which of the larger nasal cartilages lacks any attachment to bone?
the major alar cartilage
228
What is the name given to the junction between the skin and the red region of the lip?
the vermilion border
229
What is the name given to the red region of the human lip?
the vermilion zone
230
What is the name given to the median depression of the upper lip?
the philtrum
231
What are the names given to the fatty deposits within the cheek?
- corpus adiposum
- Bichat's fat plug
- buccal fat plug
- suctorial fat pad of infants
232
What is the name given to the part of the mucous membrane of the lip or cheek attaching to the maxilla or to the mandible?
the gingiva proper
233
What forms the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus
234
What forms the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
the anterior border of the trapezius
235
What forms the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?
the middle third of the clavicle
236
What cutaneous or superficial branches arise from the cervical nerve plexus?
- lesser occipital nerve (ventral primary ramus of C2)
- greater auricular nerve (ventral primary rami of C2, C3)
- transverse cervical nerve (ventral primary rami of C2, C3)
- supraclavicular nerve (ventral primary rami of C3, C4)
237
What muscle subdivides the posterior triangle of the neck?
the inferior belly of the omohyoid
