Exam Two Flashcards
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be association with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
- costal element
- anterior tubercle
- costotransverse bar
- posterior tubercle
- true transverse process
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
- splenius cervicis
- iliocostalis cervicis
- longissimus cervicis
- levator scapula
- middle scalene
- posterior scalene
- rotators
- posterior intertransverse muscles
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
- middle scalene
- posterior intertransverse muscles
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
- 60 degrees anterolaterally (midsagittal plane)
- 15 degrees inferiorly (horizontal plane)
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
- vertebral artery
- vertebral venous plexus
- postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
forty to forty-five degrees from the coronal plane
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
<p>What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?</p>
<p>-longissimus capitis -longissimus cervicis -semispinalis capitis -semispinalis cervicis -multifidis -rotators</p>
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
The greatest range of flexion-extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
- spinalis cervicis
- semispinalis cervicis
- semispinalis thoracis
- multifidis
- rotators
- interspinalis
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
- fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
- synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid joint
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) arthrodia joint
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
- levator scapula
- splenius cervicis
- rectus capitis anterior
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
- males: about fifty millimeters
- females: about thirty-seven millimeters
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
- rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
- ligamentum nuchae
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?
ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
What other name may be used to identity a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle’s anomaly
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-41%
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
- costal element
- posterior tubercle
- true transverse process
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
- rectus capitis anterior
- rectus capitis lateralis
- middle scalene
- levator scapula
- splenius cervicis
- obliquus capitis superior
- obliquus capitis inferior
- intertransversarii muscles
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
- rectus capitis posterior minor
- rectus capitis posterior major
- obliquus capitis inferior
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
- the lateral mass
- the transverse process of atlas
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
- the vertebral artery
- a branch from the suboccipital nerve
- veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
- males: 78 millimeters
- females: 72 millimeters
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
- facet for fovea dentis
- groove for transverse atlantal ligament
- attachment sites for the alar ligaments
- attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
- fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
- synovial (diarthrosis) trochoid joint
- modified synovial (diarthrosis) sellar
- cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
the posterior longitudinal ligament
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
- obliquus capitis inferior muscle
- posterior atlanto-axial ligament
- ligamentum flavum
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
- costal element
- posterior tubercle
- true transverse process
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
- males: fifty-seven millimeters
- females: about fifty millimeters
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
- levator scapulae
- middle scalene
- splenius cervicis
- longissismus cervicis
- intertransversarii
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
- rectus capitis posterior major
- obliquus capitis inferior
- spinalis cervicis
- semispinalis cervicis
- multifidus
- rotators
- interspinalis muscles
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
- fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
- cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
- modified synovial (diarthrosis) sellar joint
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
two
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
- costal element
- anterior tubercle
- costotransverse bar
- posterior tubercle
- true transverse process
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
- vertebral venous plexus
- postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
- middle scalene
- iliocostalis thoracis
- longissimus cervicis
- semispinalis capitis
- rotators
- intertransversarii
- levator costarum brevis
What is the angulation of the articular facet at C7?
more vertical at about 63 degrees
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)