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Final Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to a stop’s vocal tract closure?

A

Stop gap

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1
Q

What are the four articulation cues for stop consonant manner?

A

Vocal tract closure

Release of the closure

Rapid Articulatory Movements

Rapid opening/closing gestures

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2
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s release of the closure?

A

Stop burst

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3
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s rapid articulatory movements?

A

Relatively fast formant transitions (mostly F1)

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4
Q

What is the acoustic correlate to the stop’s rapid opening/closure gestures?

A

Rapid rise/fall in intensity

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5
Q

What will an FFT of a voiceless stop gap look like as compared to a stop gap with voicing?

(2)

A

The voiceless will be blank

The voiced will show evidence of voicing

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6
Q

Are voiced stops aspirated?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the acoustic cues to stop consonant place of articulation?

(3)

A

Energy peak in the burst spectrum (unless final and unreleased) - intensity

F2 transitions

Sometimes VOT duration

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8
Q

What is the defining characteristic of labial stop spectra? Where is most of its energy?

A

Downward slope

Under 600 Hz

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9
Q

What is the defining characteristic of alveolar stop spectra? Where is most of its energy?

A

Rising slope

Around 3000-4000 Hz

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10
Q

What is the defining characteristic of velar stop spectra?

2

A

Narrow spectral peaks

F2 is linked to the F2 of the following vowel. Its usually a few hundred Hz higher

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11
Q

What is Lisker’s rule?

A

That every acoustic movement has some value as an acoustic cue

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12
Q

Why does HL make it hard to hear stop bursts?

A

The quick transitions

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13
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found for /b/?

A

Rising

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14
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found in /d/?

A

Somewhat flat - there is variation

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15
Q

What sort of F2 transition is found in /g/?

A

Falling

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16
Q

What classic lack of invariance is found in stop consonants?

A

/d/

It may be interpreted as either /b/, /d/, or /g/

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17
Q

When is variance upheld in stop consonants?

A

Between /b/ and /g/ - they never get mixed up

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18
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in INITIAL position?

A

VOT

F1 starting position

F1 changes

Voicing during stop gap

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19
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in MEDIAL position?

A

Voicing during stop gap

Duration of stop gap

Length of preceding vowel

F1 transition (if voiced)

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20
Q

What are the four cues to stop voicing in FINAL position?

A

Voicing during stop gap

Duration of stop gap

Length of preceding vowel

F1 falls (if voiced)

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21
Q

What is the average VOT for /b/?

A

1 msec

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22
Q

What is the average VOT for /d/?

A

5 msec

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23
Q

What is the average VOT for /g/?

A

21 msec

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24
Q

What is the average VOT for /p/?

A

58 msec

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25
Q

What is the average VOT for /t/?

A

70 msec

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26
Q

What is the average VOT for /k/?

A

80 msec

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27
Q

When does F1 start lower: for voiced or voiceless initial stops?

A

Voiced

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28
Q

What is the difference in stop gap length between medial and final stops?

(2)

A

In medial position, voiceless stops have longer stop gaps

In final position, voiceless stops have shorter stop gaps

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29
Q

How does the length of the preceding vowel change when it is followed by a voiceless stop versus a voiced one?

A

Preceding vowels are shorter if followed by a voiceless stop

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30
Q

What happens to F1 at the end of the vocalic portion of a voiced stop in final position?

A

It falls

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31
Q

For stops in any position, if F1 does not changes, it is most likely a ________ stop.

A

Voiceless

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32
Q

What is the major voicing cue for fricatives?

2

A

Voiceless = aperiodic

Voiced = aperiodic + periodic

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33
Q

What do the formants look like in voiced fricatives?

A

The are flat

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34
Q

What is the spectral peak for /s/?

A

Around 4500-8000 Hz

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35
Q

What is the spectral peak for /ʃ/?

A

Around 2500-4500 Hz

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36
Q

Do labiodental, interdental, and glottal fricatives have narrow spectra?

A

No

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37
Q

What lack of invariance problem is found in fricatives?

A

Male & female productions of /s/ & /ʃ/ are vastly different

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38
Q

What are the three major place cues for fricatives?

3

A

Spectra

Amplitude

Formant transitions

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39
Q

Which fricatives tend to have greater amplitude?

3

A

Stridents

/s/ & /z/

/ʃ/ & /ʒ/

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40
Q

If you lower the amplitude of /s/, what will you percieve?

A

/θ/

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41
Q

When are formant transitions particularly helpful?

A

When distinguishing between /f/ and /θ/

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42
Q

What is the formant transition change between /f/ & /θ/?

2

A

/f/ has a rising F2

/θ/ has a steady-state/constant formant

43
Q

What is the manner cue for affricates?

A

Stop burst followed by a sharply rising fricative

44
Q

What are the two manner cues between fricatives & affricates?

A

Rise time

Steady state duration

45
Q

What is the difference in rise time between fricatives & affricates?

A

Fricatives = 76 msec

Affricate = 33 msec

(2:1 ratio)

46
Q

What is the difference in steady state duration between fricatives & affricates?

A

Fricatives = 100 msec

Affricates = 48 msec

(2:1 ratio)

47
Q

What are the manner cues for liquids & glides?

2

A

Shape of formant transitions

Length of formant transitions

48
Q

What distinguishes the length of formant transitions between stops and glides?

A

Stops have shorter transitions due to more rapid articulatory movement

49
Q

What are the place cues for glides?

A

F2 transitions

50
Q

How do F2 transitions differ between /j/ & /w/?

2

A

/j/ has a high F2 that falls

/w/ has a low F2 that rises slightly

51
Q

What are the place cues for liquids?

A

F3 transitions

52
Q

How does F3 differ between /l/ & /r/?

A

/l/ has a steady-state F3

/r/ has sharply rising F3

53
Q

What are the manner cues for nasals?

5

A

Nasal murmur (= nasal resonance = nasal formant)

Voicing

Low intensity

Steady state formants

Low frequency resonance

54
Q

What are the place cues for nasals?

3

A

Formant transitions

/m/ rises slightly

/n/ & /ŋ/ fall slightly

55
Q

Are nasals easy to distinguish from one another?

A

No

56
Q

What is Wilson’s Rule?

A

The pulse rate must be 3-5 times the highest frequency you want to resolve

57
Q

What information does envelope cues give us?

4

A

Segmentation of syllables & phonemes

Manner of articulation

Strong vs. weak fricatives

Minimal vowel information

58
Q

What are the six envelope cues?

A

Stop

Weak Fricatives

Strong Fricatives

Semi-Vowels

Nasal

Vowels

59
Q

What information does periodicity cues give us?

2

A

Fricative Manner

Voicing

60
Q

What information does fine temporal cues give us?

A

Frequency of F1

61
Q

If a patient know 126,000 words and can extract 6 envelope features, then this patient can narrow down an utterance into _____ possible word options.

A

2.4

62
Q

Is overall consonant manner relatively well-defined?

A

Yes

63
Q

Is overall consonant place relatively well-defined?

A

Not for stops, semivowels, & nasals

64
Q

What is the McGurk Effect?

A

That what you see will affect the consonant you perceive

65
Q

What are the three roles of vision in speech?

A

Directs attention to the signal and away from background noise

Provides segmental information that is redundant to acoustic information

Provides segmental information which compliments acoustic information (info masked by noise)

66
Q

How do visual contributions direct attention to the signal and away from background noise?

(3)

A

Knowing speaker reduces possible acoustic patterns

Helps binaural localization

Lets listener know when the intensity is part of signal or part of noise

67
Q

What did Sumby & Pollack discover?

A

Adding a face to a signal in noise is equivalent to a 15 dB improvement in the SNR

68
Q

How many optical categories are there? How many are necessary?

A

9

6

69
Q

We have a success rate of ___% when lip reading alone.

A

35%

70
Q

We have a success rate of ___% when pitch is added lip reading.

A

59%

71
Q

What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 1 (/p/, /t/, & /k/) from other sounds?

A

Burst envelope

72
Q

What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 2 (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, & /ʒ/) from other sounds?

A

Voicing envelope

73
Q

What envelope is helpful in distinguishing Group 3 (/f/, /θ/, /s/, & /ʃ/) from other sounds?

A

Aperiodic-ness

74
Q

What envelope cues are useful in distinguishing Group 4 (/m/, /n/, /r/, /l/, & /j/) from other sounds?

(2)

A

Voicing envelope

Amplitude envelope

75
Q

What is an enveme?

A

The speech clues given by the envelope

76
Q

What is a viseme?

A

The speech cues given visually

77
Q

If all viseme and enveme information were received by a patient, the ___% of consonant information would be transmitted.

A

95%

78
Q

What do lip movements activate?

A

The primary and secondary auditory areas in the superior temporal cortex

79
Q

Lip movements can begin ____ msec before the auditory signal.

They activate auditory areas of the cortex _____ auditory stimulation.

A

100

Before

80
Q

What is activated when we hear the voices of familiar people?

A

Fusiform face region

81
Q

What are two top down effects in speech recognition?

A

Perceptual restoration

Cohort model

82
Q

What is perceptual restoration?

A

A phoneme can be removed and replaced by noise but we still can “hear” it

(/s/ in legislators removed and replaced with a cough)

83
Q

What is the cohort model?

2

A

Our lexicon is activated and narrowed in real time with each speech segment we receive

Works like the google search box

84
Q

When do most words in English become lexically unique?

A

At the end of the word

85
Q

What is delayed committment?

A

Waiting until the maximum amount of information is received before deciding on meaning

86
Q

What are two temporal processes in word recognition?

A

“Left to right” activation of cohorts and strategies to delete words in the activated lexicon (as they become “bad fits”)

Delay of decision allowing for the retrograde effects on perceptual decisions

87
Q

When might we need delayed committment?

3

A

/f/ vs. /θ/

nasals

Poor audio signals

88
Q

What is the Metrical Segmentation Strategy?

3

A

We use the pattern of strong & weak syllables to identify word boundaries

Strong syllables are treated as potential word onsets

89
Q

What are Lexically-Driven Segmentation strategies?

2

A

Pragmatic, semantic, & syntactic context

Lexical knowledge

90
Q

When might we use Lexically-Driven Segmentation strategies?

A

In Optimal situations

91
Q

What are Sublexically-Driven Segmentation strategies?

2

A

Phonotactics, allophones, & coarticulation

Prosody

92
Q

When might we use Sublexically-Driven Segmentation strategies?

(3)

A

With poor contextual information

With poor lexical information

With poor segmental information

93
Q

The auditory cortex is found in ______ but it does not end there.

A

Herschel’s Gyrus

94
Q

After the auditory cortex, the speech signal gets sent through what two streams?

A

Dorsal

Ventral

95
Q

What is the Dorsal Stream?

3

A

Acoustic Phonetic Speech Codes ->

Auditory-Motor Interface ->

Articulatory-Based Speech Codes

96
Q

What is the Ventral Stream?

2

A

Acoustic-Phonetic Speech Codes ->

Sound-Meaning Interface

97
Q

Which part of the brain processes the Acoustic-Phonetic Speech Codes? Is it bilateral or unilateral?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Bilateral

98
Q

Which part of the brain processes the Auditory-Motor Interface? Is it bilateral or unilateral?

A

Sylvian Fissure - Parietal-Temporal Boundary

Unilateral - Left

99
Q

Which part of the brain processes the Articulatory-Based Speech Codes? Is it bilateral or unilateral?

(2 + 1)

A

Posterior Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Dorsal Premotor Cortex (sensorimotor strip)

Unilateral - Left

100
Q

Which part of the brain processes the Sound-Meaning Interface? Is it bilateral or unilateral?

A

Posterior Inferior Temporal Lobe

Unilateral - Left

101
Q

Is speech processed in multiple areas of the brain?

A

Yes

102
Q

Is speech processed bilaterally?

A

No - it’s mostly on the left

103
Q

What are the six parts of a cochlear implant?

A

Microphone

Signal Processer (Chip)

Transmitter

Batteries

Receiver

Electrodes

104
Q

What is the formula for Hz?

A

1000 msec / period in msec

105
Q

What are the 6 tense English vowels?

A

/i/

/e/

/ɑ/

/ɔ/

/o/

/u/

106
Q

Speech is what three things?

A

Visual

Auditory

Tactile

Speech Science (8 decks)

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