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Speech Science > 03 - Graphs Commmonly Used in Speech Analyses > Flashcards

03 - Graphs Commmonly Used in Speech Analyses Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Frequency?

A

The number of times an object vibrates through a complete cycle

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1
Q

What is on the X-Axis of a Time Waveform? What is on the Y-Axis

A

Time

Amplitude

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2
Q

What is a Period?

A

The length of one cycle

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3
Q

What is the formula for Hertz?

A

1 sec / period in sec

1000 msec / period in msec

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4
Q

What is Hertz?

A

The number of cycles per second

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5
Q

How do you find the period when you know frequency (Hertz)?

A

1 sec / Hertz

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6
Q

How can pitch be determined when looking at time waveforms? (3)

A

By looking at the distance between the peak intervals

Low Pitch = long intervals

High Pitch = short intervals

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7
Q

A time waveform is a _____-_____ presentation.

A

Time-Amplitude

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8
Q

What are yes/no questions marked by on a time waveform?

A

The intervals become shorter as the pitch rises

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9
Q

What is a spectrum?

A

A ‘graph’ that has Frequency on the X-Axis and Amplitude on the Y-Axis

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10
Q

A Spectrum does NOT have a ______ component. Why?

A

Temporal

It displays the frequency composition at a single point in time

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11
Q

For what things are Spectra useful to look at?

A

The magnitude of various frequency components

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12
Q

Can Spectra be used to to study how a signal changes over time?

A

No

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13
Q

What are two types of spectra?

A

FFT

LPC

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14
Q

What does FFT stand for?

A

Fast Fourier Transform

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15
Q

An FFT decomposes the signal into its ______.

A

Frequency components

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16
Q

FFT is an ______ that greatly expedites the computations required for a more precise __________

A

Algorithm

Discrete Fourier Transfer

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17
Q

On an FFT, what is on the X-Axis? On the Y-Axis?

A

Frequency

Amplitude

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18
Q

Increasing the FFT points allows for a more _______.

A

Accurate display

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19
Q

All of the peaks on an FFT is a _______ of the __________. The peaks are ________________.

A

Harmonic

Glottal Buzz

Resonances of the vocal tract

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20
Q

What does LPC stand for?

A

Linear Predictive Coding

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21
Q

What is LPC? How?

A

A method that attempts to predict upcoming speech samples.

By using a weighted sum of previous samples

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22
Q

LPC uses _______ based on a ______________.

A

Estimation

Vocal Tract Model Filter

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23
Q

Which is more precise: FFT or LPC?

A

FFT

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24
Q

On an LPC display, what is on the X-Axis? What is on the Y-Axis?

A

Frequency

Amplitude

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25
Q

LPC is useful for looking at _______ but not _______.

A

Spectral peaks

Detailed frequency components

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26
Q

What will increasing the amount of FFT points and increasing the LPC order do?

A

Change the display

27
Q

Does LPC show the glottal buzz?

A

No

28
Q

Using LPC, we can construct a picture of the __________.

A

Shape of the vocal tract

29
Q

A spectrogram analyzes sounds in ________.

A

Three dimensions

30
Q

A spectrogram shows __________.

A

Spectral peaks

31
Q

What is a formant? How is is shown on a spectrogram?

A

A resonance of the vocal tract

By darkened bars

32
Q

Does a spectrogram have a time domain?

A

Yes

33
Q

A spectrogram is the ________ of a series of _______________.

A

Composite

Spectra over time

34
Q

What are the two types of spectrograms?

A

Wide band

Narrow band

35
Q

A wide-band spectrogram shows _______. These are seen in the ______.

A

Glottal pulses

Striations

36
Q

Are pulses seen in fricatives?

A

No

37
Q

How do you get from a time waveform to a spectrogram? (3)

A

Sample the waveform every several milliseconds

Create an FFT

Plot these series of these spectra over time

38
Q

The peaks of the FFT show up as _______ on the spectrogram.

A

Ridges

39
Q

How do you calculate harmonics?

A

1 x fundamental

2 x fundamental

3x fundamental

etc.

40
Q

Narrow-band spectrograms have ___________.

A

Detailed frequency resolution

41
Q

What is a narrow-band spectrogram good for looking at? (2)

A

Pitch changes

Harmonic structure

42
Q

What is a narrow-band spectrogram bad for looking at?

A

Resonances

43
Q

The analysis bandwidth of a narrow-band spectrogram has to be ______ than the distance in frequency between the harmonics of the ____________.

A

Narrower

Voicing Source

44
Q

Generally for narrow-band spectrograms, one would pick a bandwidth that is less than the speaker’s ____________.

A

Fundamental Frequency

45
Q

What is the analysis bandwidth of a narrow-band spectrogram?

A

45 Hz

46
Q

A narrow-band spectrogram captures the ________.

A

Harmonics

47
Q

What type of spectrogram is ideal for analyzing the formant structure?

A

Wide Band

48
Q

Wide band spectrograms span over a wider ________ than narrow band spectrograms.

A

Range of frequencies

49
Q

What type of spectrogram has vertical striations?

A

Wide Band

50
Q

What type of spectrogram has horizontal striations?

A

Narrow Band

51
Q

What are wide band spectrograms good for looking at?

A

Resonances

52
Q

What are wide band spectrograms bad for looking at? (2)

A

Pitch changes

Harmonic structure

53
Q

In a wide band spectrogram, the analysis bandwidth has to be ______ than the ______________ between the harmonics of the voicing source.

A

Larger

Distance in frequency

54
Q

Generally in a wide band spectrogram, one would pick an analysis bandwidth that is ________ than the speaker’s _____________.

A

Larger

Fundamental frequency

55
Q

What is the analysis bandwidth of a wide band spectrogram?

A

300 Hz

56
Q

In what kind of spectrogram are f0 changes visible?

A

Narrow Band

57
Q

What kind of spectrogram shows harmonics? How?

A

Narrow band

Vertical Stripes

58
Q

What kind of spectrogram shows resonances? How?

A

Wide band

Horizontal bands

59
Q

What kind of spectrogram shows glottal pulses? How

A

Wide band

Vertical striations

60
Q

What is a pitch contour?

A

It tracks fundamental frequency over time

61
Q

What kind of spectra is this?

A

FFT

62
Q

What kind of spectra is this?

A

LPC

63
Q

This is an example of a _________. This information is used to construct a _______.

A

Spectrum

64
Q

Label the Following:

A

A = Waveform

B = Spectrograph

C = Pitch Contour

65
Q

Label the Following:

A

1 = Time Wave Form

2 = Spectrum (FFT_

3 = Narrow-Band Spectrograph

4 = Wide-Band Spectrograph

Speech Science (8 decks)

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