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Speech Science > 2.06 - Transfer Function of the Vocal Tract > Flashcards

2.06 - Transfer Function of the Vocal Tract Flashcards

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0
Q

The resonator (______) is ______.

A

Filter

Variable

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1
Q

The sound source can be ______, ______, or ______.

A

Periodic (voicing)

Aperiodic (noise)

Both

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2
Q

Resonance is the ______ to an ______.

A

Vibratory Response

Applied Force

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3
Q

A resonator is set into forced vibration by ______.

A

Another vibration

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4
Q

Resonators do not initiate the _______.

A

Sound energy

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5
Q

The vocal tracts acts like a ______. The body of air resonates _______ that has frequencies matching the natural ________ of volume of air.

A

Resonator

In response to sound

Resonant frequencies

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6
Q

Sound Sources have both ______ and _______.

A

Harmonics

Fundamental frequencies

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7
Q

Formants show up on spectrograms as _______. These are the _______.

A

Bands

Resonance frequencies

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8
Q

The resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (and the ear canal) can be roughly modeled after a uniformly shaped ______________.

A

Tube open at one end.

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9
Q

What four things do resonances in an tube depend on?

A

Are the ends of the tube are open or closed?

How long is the tube?

How is the tube shaped?

How large are the opening on the tube?

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10
Q

What is the typical speed of sound in air?

A

34,400 cm/s

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11
Q

How do we calculate the resonances of a uniform tube open at one end?

A

(twice the integer minus one) times (34,4000 cm/s divided by four times the length of the tube)

F = (2n-1)(c/4l)

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12
Q

How do we abbreviate Resonance?

A

F

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13
Q

How do we abbreviate length?

A

l

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14
Q

How do we abbreviate integers? What are they?

A

n

__ Resonance (1=first resonance, 2=second resonance, etc.)

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15
Q

What does “c” stand for?

A

The speed of sound

Normally 34,400 cm/s

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16
Q

What does shaping the vocal tract differently accomplish?

A

Changes the peaks in resonance

17
Q

The typical male vocal tract is _____ cm long.

A

17.5

18
Q

The typical female vocal tract is ______ cm long.

A

14.5

19
Q

Are female vocal tracts just shrunken version of male vocal tracts?

A

No. They are smaller and shaped differently

20
Q

The typical glottal source for vowels is ______.

A

Voiced

21
Q

Can noise (hiss) excitation use the vocal tract to be resonated?

A

Yes

22
Q

Harmonics ______ as they increase in frequency.

A

Decrease

23
Q

When f0 changes, the spacing between the harmonics ______.

A

Changes

24
Q

The vocal tract acts as a _____ resonator.

A

Variable

25
Q

Altering cavity size results in different ______ producing a different _____.

A

Resonant frequencies

Vowel

26
Q

Vowels have around _____ resonance frequencies/formants

A

7

27
Q

What is the Lack of Invariance problem?

A

That we recognize speech via acoustic signals that are inconsistant

28
Q

The glottal source is filtered according to the frequency response of the _________.

A

Vocal tract

29
Q

If the glottal source is voiced, the harmonics of the glottal source at or near the spectral peaks of the ________ are resonated, while those distant from the spectral peaks _______ and become ________.

A

Transfer function of the vocal tract

Lose energy

Attenuated

30
Q

The resonator works the same way if the source is _________, _______, or if _______.

A

Periodic (voiced)

Aperiodic (whisper)

f0 changes

31
Q

Despite source changes (periodic vs. aperiodic or f0 changes), the resonances ______.

A

Remain the same

32
Q

What two things most affect resonance frequencies?

A

The length of the pipe

The cross-sectional area of the pipe as a function of length

33
Q

The radiated sound spreads in ______ as it leaves the mouth and the energy is ______ in lower frequencies. By how much?

A

All directions

Reduced

6 dB per octave

34
Q

Why do motor disorders of the tongue create unintelligiblity?

A

Because you can’t change the shape

35
Q

A good ventriloquist or impersonator can intuit how to ______ to match someone else’s

A

Change their vocal tract

36
Q

What is the difference between Harmonics and Resonances?

A

Resonances are created when the source/signal’s harmonic structure is similar to the spectral peaks of the filter. When they are dissimilar they are attenuated.

37
Q

A spectrogram shows tongue changes in the _______.

A

Formants

38
Q

In speech, your mouth’s job is to ________.

A

Change the shape to make different sounds

39
Q

Narrowband spectrograms show the _______. Wideband spectrograms show the _______.

A

Harmonics

Formants

Speech Science (8 decks)

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